Malabsorption syndrome refers to a number of disorders in which nutrients from food are not absorbed properly in the small intestine.
Certain disorders, infections, and surgical procedures can cause malabsorption.
Malabsorption causes diarrhea, weight loss, and bulky, foul-smelling stools.
The diagnosis is based on typical symptoms along with stool tests and sometimes a biopsy of the lining of the small intestine.
The treatment depends on the cause.
Causes of Malabsorption
Normally, foods are digested and nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals) are absorbed into the bloodstream mainly in the small intestine.
Malabsorption may occur if a disorder
Interferes with the digestion of food
Interferes with the absorption of nutrients
Digestion problems
Digestion of food can be affected by
Disorders that prevent adequate mixing of food with digestive enzymes and stomach acid
Insufficient production of digestive enzymes
Decreased production of bile
Too much stomach acid
Too little stomach acid (atrophic gastritis)
The wrong kinds of bacteria growing in the small intestine
Inadequate mixing may occur in a person who has had part of the stomach surgically removed.
In some disorders, the body produces inadequate amounts or types of digestive enzymes, which are necessary for the breakdown of food. For example, a common cause of malabsorption is insufficient production of digestive enzymes by the pancreas, which occurs with some pancreatic diseases, or by the small intestine, which occurs in .
Decreased production of bile, too much or too little acid in the stomach, or too many of the wrong kinds of bacteria growing in the small intestine (see Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth) may also interfere with digestion.
Absorption problems
Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream can be affected by
Disorders that injure the lining of the small intestine
Surgical removal of a large section of the small intestine
Disorders that affect the flow of lymphatic fluid from the bowel
The normal lining consists of small projections called villi and even smaller projections called microvilli, which create an enormous surface area for absorption. Infections (bacterial, viral, or parasitic) and disorders such as celiac disease and Crohn disease all may injure the intestinal lining.
Surgical removal of a large section of the small intestine substantially reduces the surface area for absorption (see Short Bowel Syndrome).
Disorders that affect the flow of lymphatic fluid from the bowel into the bloodstream (the path that fats must take to enter the bloodstream), such as malformation of intestinal lymph vessels (see Intestinal Lymphangiectasia), blockage of lymph vessels due to lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system), or impaired entry of lymph fluid into the bloodstream due to some heart disorders, also reduce absorption.
Symptoms of Malabsorption
Symptoms of malabsorption are caused by the increased passage of unabsorbed nutrients through the digestive tract or by the nutritional deficiencies that result from inadequate absorption.
The most common symptom of malabsorption is
Chronic diarrhea
When there is inadequate absorption of fats in the digestive tract, stool contains excess fat and is light-colored, soft, bulky, greasy, and unusually foul-smelling (such stool is called steatorrhea). The stool may float or stick to the side of the toilet bowl and may be difficult to flush away. The inadequate absorption of certain sugars can cause explosive diarrhea, abdominal bloating, and flatulence.
Malabsorption can cause deficiencies of all nutrients or selective deficiencies of proteins, fats, sugars, vitamins, or minerals. People with malabsorption usually lose weight or have difficulty maintaining their weight despite adequate consumption of food. Women may stop menstruating.
The symptoms vary depending on the specific deficiencies. For example, a protein deficiency can cause swelling and accumulation of fluid (edema) anywhere throughout the body, dry skin, and hair loss. Anemia (caused by vitamin or iron deficiency) may cause fatigue and weakness.
Symptoms of Nutrient Deficiencies
Nutrient | Symptoms |
|---|---|
Calcium | Bone pain and deformities, greater likelihood of fractures (due to bone thinning or osteoporosis), muscle spasms, tooth discoloration, and greater susceptibility to painful tooth decay |
Fatigue and weakness (due to anemia) | |
Fatigue and weakness (due to anemia) | |
Magnesium | Muscle spasms |
Diarrhea, skin disorders, confusion (pellagra), and sore tongue | |
Protein | Swelling (edema), usually in the legs; dry skin; and hair loss |
Night blindness | |
Vitamin B1 | Pins-and-needles sensation, especially in the feet, and heart failure |
Vitamin B2 | Sore tongue and cracks at the edges of the mouth |
Fatigue and weakness (due to anemia), pins-and-needles sensation, and confusion | |
Weakness and bleeding gums | |
Bone thinning and bone pain | |
Tendency to bruise and bleed |
Diagnosis of Malabsorption
A doctor's evaluation of the person's history and symptoms
Tests to confirm the diagnosis (such as blood and stool tests)
Tests to diagnose the cause (such as biopsy and imaging)
A doctor suspects malabsorption when a person has chronic diarrhea, weight loss, anemia, and other signs of nutritional deficiencies. Malabsorption is less obvious and often more difficult to recognize in older people than in children.
Laboratory tests can help confirm the diagnosis:
Tests to measure fat in stool
Visual examination of stool
Blood tests
A stool test that directly measures the amount of fat in stool that has been collected over 3 days is the most reliable one for diagnosing malabsorption of fat, which is present in almost all malabsorption disorders. A finding of more than 7 grams of fat in the stool daily is the hallmark of malabsorption. Also available are a few other tests that measure fat in the stool but do not require the 3-day collection of stool.
Stool samples are examined with the unaided eye as well as under the microscope. Undigested food fragments may mean that food passes through the intestine too rapidly. In a person with jaundice, stool with excess fat indicates decreased production or secretion of bile. Sometimes parasites or their eggs are seen under the microscope, suggesting that malabsorption is caused by a parasitic infection.
Blood tests and other laboratory tests can be done to detect malabsorption of other specific substances, such as lactose or vitamin B12.
Once a doctor confirms a person has a malabsorption disorder, tests are done to diagnose the cause:
Biopsy
Imaging tests
Pancreatic function tests
A biopsy may be needed to detect abnormalities in the lining of the small intestine. The tissue is removed through an endoscope (a flexible viewing tube equipped with a light source and a camera through which a small clipper can be inserted) passed through the mouth and into the small intestine.
Imaging tests, such as video capsule endoscopy, computed tomography, or barium x-rays may be done.
Pancreatic function tests are done if the doctor thinks that the cause of malabsorption may be the insufficient production of digestive enzymes by the pancreas. However, some of these tests are complex, time-consuming, and invasive. In one test, a tube is passed through the mouth and guided into the small intestine, where intestinal fluids containing pancreatic secretions can be collected and measured. In another test, the person swallows a substance that requires pancreatic enzymes for its digestion. The products of digestion are then measured in the urine. Recently, doctors have been doing simpler and easier tests that measure levels of certain pancreatic enzymes in the stool.
Other diagnostic tests (including culture of digestive bacteria, certain blood tests, or breath tests) may also be done.
