Day care for older adults provides medical, rehabilitative, and cognitive support services several hours a day for several days a week. All day care facilities provide certain core services: transportation, nutrition, and recreational and social activity programs. There are about 4,130 day care centers that serve about 237,400 participants a day in the United States (1); this is in comparison with > 15,300 nursing homes. Most day care programs are small, averaging 20 participants.
There are several models.
Day hospital: This model emphasizes rehabilitation or intensive skilled care. It is designed for patients recovering from an acute condition (eg, stroke, amputation, fracture). Programs are usually limited in duration (6 weeks to 6 months) and are costly because the ratio of staff members to patients is high.
Maintenance: This model combines limited skilled care (screening for and monitoring of chronic disorders) with physical exercise. Goals are to prevent deterioration, to maintain or improve the patient’s functional level for as long as possible, to improve self-image, to eliminate the monotony of daily life, to prevent exacerbation of chronic disorders, and to prevent loneliness, isolation, and withdrawal. Maintenance programs provide long-term care and are less costly than day hospital programs.
Social: This model provides counseling, group therapy, and cognitive retraining. It may resemble a typical senior citizens’ center, which provides care to older adults with various psychosocial needs, or a mental health center, which provides care to older adults with dementia or psychiatric disorders.
Programs are increasingly accepting patients who use wheelchairs and those who are incontinent; however, patients cannot be socially disruptive. Care may be long-term or limited in duration.
In addition to providing needed medical care, these facilities also provide respite care. By doing so, they may help delay or avoid placement in a nursing home.
(See also Overview of Geriatric Care.)
Reimbursement for day care
Medicare does not reimburse for day care services. Funds generally come from the Older Americans Act, Medicaid waiver programs, long-term care insurance, and private funds. Some centers use donated funds to subsidize transportation and a sliding-fee scale to match aid with the patient’s financial need.
Reference
1. National Center for Health Statistics: Adult Day Services Centers (2020)
