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Pulmonary Disorders
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Pulmonary Disorders
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Approach to the Pulmonary Patient
Evaluation of the Pulmonary Patient
History
Physical Examination
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion and palpation
Symptoms of Pulmonary Disorders
Cough in Adults
General references
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Dyspnea
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Etiology reference
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Hemoptysis
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Massive hemoptysis
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Cryptogenic hemoptysis
Treatment
Massive hemoptysis
Minor hemoptysis
Treatment references
Key Points
Hyperventilation Syndrome
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Evaluation reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Stridor
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Children
Adults
Etiology reference
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Vocal Cord Dysfunction
General reference
Treatment
Wheezing
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Pulmonary Procedures
Bronchoscopy
Indications
Contraindications
Procedure
Navigational Bronchoscopy
Complications
References
Chest Imaging
Conventional Chest X-Ray Techniques
Chest x-ray
Chest fluoroscopy
Chest Computed Tomography (CT)
CT angiography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Chest
Ultrasonography of the Chest
Ultrasonography references
Nuclear Lung Scanning
V/Q scanning
Positron emission tomography (PET) of the lungs
Nuclear lung scanning references
Electrocardiography (ECG) in Pulmonary Disorders
Mediastinoscopy and Mediastinotomy
Indications
Contraindications
Procedure
Complications
Pleural Biopsy
Thoracentesis
Indications
Contraindications
Procedure
Thoracoscopy and Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery
Indications
Contraindications
Procedure
Complications
References
Thoracotomy
Indications
Contraindications
Procedure
Complications
Transthoracic Needle Biopsy
Indications
Contraindications
Procedure
Complications
References
How To Do Pulmonary Procedures
How To Do Needle Thoracostomy
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Do Thoracentesis
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
References
How To Do Tube and Catheter Thoracostomy
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Equipment for surgical tube thoracostomy
Equipment for catheter thoracostomy
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
Reference
Tests of Pulmonary Function (PFT)
Overview of Tests of Pulmonary Function
Airflow, Lung Volumes, and Flow-Volume Loop
Airflow
Lung volume
Flow-volume loop
General references
Patterns of Abnormalities
Obstructive disorders
Restrictive disorders
Patterns of abnormalities references
Bronchoprovocation Challenge
Bronchprovocation challenge references
Measurement of Gas Exchange
Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide
Conditions that decrease DLCO
Conditions that increase DLCO
DLCO reference
Pulse Oximetry
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Sampling
Hypoxemia
Hypercapnia and Hypocapnia
Carboxyhemoglobinemia
Methemoglobinemia
Tests of Respiratory Muscle Function
Exercise Testing
Six-minute walk test
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)
Acute Bronchitis
Acute Bronchitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Asthma and Related Disorders
Asthma
Epidemiology
Epidemiology references
Etiology
Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) and irritant-induced asthma
Pathophysiology
Asthma triggers
Response
Classification
Severity
Control
Impairment
Risk
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Pulmonary function tests
Other tests
Evaluation of exacerbations
Diagnosis references
Prognosis
Treatment
Control of triggering factors
Drug therapy
Bronchial thermoplasty
Monitoring response to treatment
Patient education
Treatment of acute asthma exacerbation
Treatment of chronic asthma
Exercise-induced asthma
Aspirin-sensitive asthma
Investigational therapies
Treatment reference
Special Populations
Infants, children, and adolescents
Pregnant women
Older patients
Key Points
More Information
Drug Treatment of Asthma
Beta agonists
Anticholinergics (antimuscarinics)
Corticosteroids
Mast cell stabilizers
Leukotriene modifiers
Methylxanthines
Immunomodulators
Other drugs
Treatment reference
Treatment of Acute Asthma Exacerbations
Emergency department care
Hospitalization
Other therapy
General references
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Bronchiectasis and Atelectasis
Bronchiectasis
Etiology
Diffuse bronchiectasis
Focal bronchiectasis
Pathophysiology
Complications
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Imaging
Pulmonary function tests
Diagnosis of cause
Definition and evaluation of exacerbations
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Acute exacerbations
Complications
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Atelectasis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Related Disorders
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
General reference
Epidemiology
Epidemiology references
Etiology
Smoking and other inhalational exposures
Genetic factors
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Inflammation
Infection
Airflow limitation
Complications
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Acute exacerbations
Diagnosis
Pulmonary function tests
Imaging tests
Adjunctive tests
Evaluation of exacerbations
Diagnosis references
Treatment
End-of-life care
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Treatment of Stable COPD
Smoking Cessation
Smoking cessation reference
Medication Therapy
Beta-agonists
Anticholinergics
Inhaled corticosteroids
Theophylline
Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors
Macrolide antibiotics
Medication therapy references
Oxygen Therapy
Oxygen administration
Oxygen therapy reference
Vaccinations
Nutrition
Nutrition reference
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Pulmonary rehabilitation reference
Surgery
Lung volume reduction surgery
Endobronchial valve placement
Lung transplantation
Surgery references
Key Points
Treatment of Acute COPD Exacerbation
Oxygen Supplementation
Ventilatory Assistance
Ventilatory assistance references
Medication Therapy
Beta-agonists
Anticholinergic agents
Corticosteroids
Antibiotics
Other medications
Medication therapy reference
Key Points
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
Pathophysiology
Liver
Lungs
Other tissues
Pathophysiology references
Classification
Classification reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Key Points
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage and Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Evaluation of the cause
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
Goodpasture Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Key Points
Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Environmental and Occupational Pulmonary Diseases
Overview of Environmental and Occupational Pulmonary Diseases
General reference
Prevention
More Information
Air Pollution–Related Illness
Prevention
Prevention references
Building-Related Illnesses
Specific building-related illnesses
Nonspecific building-related symptoms
Diagnosis
Patient evaluation
Workplace evaluation
Treatment
More Information
Byssinosis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Work-Related Asthma
Sensitizer-induced occupational asthma
Irritant exposure and reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS)
Work-exacerbated asthma
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Work-exacerbated asthma
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
Irritant Gas Inhalation Injury
Acute Exposure to Irritant Gas
Complications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Chronic Exposure to Irritant Gas
Exposure to Smoke
Key Points
Overview of Asbestos-Related Disorders
Asbestosis
Risk factors
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Key Points
Mesothelioma
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Asbestos-Related Pleural Disease
Silicosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Imaging
Additional diagnostic testing
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Acute silicosis
Chronic silicosis
Prevention
Key Points
More Information
Coal Worker Pneumoconiosis
General reference
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Complications
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
More Information
Beryllium Disease
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Prevention
Key Points
More Information
Interstitial Lung Diseases
Overview of Interstitial Lung Disease
Drug-Induced Pulmonary Disease
Treatment
Prevention
Overview of Eosinophilic Pulmonary Diseases
Diagnosis
Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Löffler Syndrome
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Subacute hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Diagnosis
Imaging tests
Pulmonary function tests
Bronchoalveolar lavage
Lung biopsy
Other tests
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Key Points
Overview of Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Etiology
Pathology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
More Information
Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia
General reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Respiratory Bronchiolitis–Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute Interstitial Pneumonia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Key Points
Idiopathic Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis
General reference
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
More Information
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Lung Abscess
Lung Abscess
Etiology
Etiology reference
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Gram stain and cultures
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Mediastinal and Pleural Disorders
Mediastinal Masses
Etiology
Adults
Children
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Mediastinitis
Esophageal perforation
Median sternotomy
Chronic fibrosing mediastinitis
Reference
Pleural Effusion
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Presence of effusion
Cause of effusion
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Parapneumonic effusion and empyema
Malignant pleural effusion
Treatment reference
Key Points
Pleural Fibrosis and Calcification
Postinflammatory
Asbestos-related
Pneumomediastinum
Treatment
Pneumothorax
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Viral Pleuritis
Pneumonia
Overview of Pneumonia
Reference
Aspiration Pneumonitis and Pneumonia
Pathophysiology
Chemical pneumonitis
Aspiration pneumonia
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Prevention
Key Points
Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Etiology
Bacterial causes
Viral causes
Other causes
Pneumonia in children
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Pathogen identification
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Risk stratification
Antimicrobials
Supportive care
Treatment references
Health Care-Associated Pneumonia
Health care-associated pneumonia reference
Prognosis
Prevention
Key Points
More Information
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
Etiology
Risk factors
Pathogens
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Key Points
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Etiology
Risk factors
Pathogens
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prevention
Key Points
Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Patients
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Pathogen identification
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Pneumonia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Key Points
Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
General references
Etiology
Etiology reference
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Clinical probability
Diagnostic testing
Diagnosis references
General Treatment
Pulmonary embolism response team (PERT)
General treatment references
Anticoagulation
Initial anticoagulation
Maintenance anticoagulation
Duration of anticoagulation
Anticoagulation references
Rapid Reduction of Clot Burden
Systemic thrombolytic therapy
Catheter-directed therapy
Surgical embolectomy
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Rapid reduction in clot burden references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Prevention
Prevention of acute venous thromboembolism
Medication regimens for pulmonary embolism prevention
Prophylactic devices for pulmonary embolism
Choices for prevention of pulmonary embolism
Prevention references
Key Points
Nonthrombotic Pulmonary Embolism
Air embolism
Fat embolism
Amniotic fluid embolism
Septic embolism
Foreign body embolism
Tumor embolism
Cement embolism
Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary Hypertension
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
Increased pulmonary venous pressure
Increased pulmonary venous blood flow
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Pulmonary arterial hypertension, Group 1
Pulmonary hypertension, groups 2 to 5
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Portopulmonary Hypertension
References
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
General reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Chest Physiotherapy
Contraindications
Procedure
Complications
General references
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Pulmonary rehabilitation programs
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Procedure
General references
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis
Epidemiology
Epidemiology reference
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Löfgren syndrome
Heerfordt syndrome
Blau syndrome
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Sites for biopsy
Exclusion of other diagnoses
Disease severity assessment
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Corticosteroids
Other immunosuppressants
Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors
Other treatment considerations
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Sleep Apnea
Central Sleep Apnea
General references
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
More Information
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
General references
Pathophysiology
Related disorders
Complications
Pathophysiology references
Etiology
Etiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Sleep studies
Classification of severity
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Control of risk factors
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
Oral appliances
Surgery
Upper airway stimulation
Adjunctive treatments
Patient education and support
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
More Information
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Children
General reference
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Tumors of the Lungs
Overview of Lung Tumors
Lung Carcinoma
General reference
Etiology
Genetic factors
Etiology references
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Local tumor
Regional spread
Metastases
Paraneoplastic syndromes
Diagnosis
Imaging
Cytology
Procedures
Staging
Tests for initial evaluation and staging
Screening
Screening references
Treatment
SCLC
NSCLC
Targeted therapy for NSCLC
Recurrent lung cancer
Complications of lung cancer
End-of-life care
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Prevention
Key Points
More Information
Airway Tumors
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Bronchial Carcinoid
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chest Wall Tumors
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Key Points
