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Clinical Decision Making
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Clinical Decision Making
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Introduction to Clinical Decision Making
General reference
Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Guidelines
Evidence-Based Medicine
Formulating a clinical question
Gathering evidence to answer the question
Evaluating the quality and validity of the evidence
Deciding how to apply the evidence to the care of a given patient
Limitations of the evidence-based approach
Evidence-based medicine references
Clinical Guidelines
Clinical Decision-Making Strategies
Hypothesis Generation
Probability and odds
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis testing reference
Probability Estimations and the Testing Threshold
Probability Estimations and the Treatment Threshold
Limitations of quantitative decision methods
Cognitive Errors in Clinical Decision Making
Reference
Types of Cognitive Error
Availability error
Representation error
Premature closure
Anchoring errors
Confirmation bias
Attribution errors
Affective error
Risk Factors for Cognitive Error
Minimizing cognitive errors
Understanding Medical Tests and Test Results
Reference
Defining a Positive Test Result
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves
Test Characteristics
Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values
Likelihood ratios (LRs)
Dichotomous Tests
Pre-test probability
Continuous Tests
Bayes Theorem
Odds-likelihood calculation
Odds-likelihood nomogram
Tabular approach
Sequential Testing
Screening Tests
Multiple screening tests
Testing Thresholds
Economic Analyses in Clinical Decision Making
Cost
Marginal cost
Outcome
Quality-adjusted life year (QALY)
Number needed to treat
Clinically vs statistically significant outcome
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Marginal cost-effectiveness ratio
Electronic Health Records (EHR) and Clinical Decision Support
References
More Information