Drugs

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Overview of Drugs

• Overview of Drugs
  • Prescription drugs or nonprescription drugs
  • Drug names
  • Drug groups
  • More Information

• Drug Design and Development
  • Stages of Drug Development
    • Early development
    • Clinical studies
    • Approval
    • Phase 4 (postmarketing)
  • More Information

• Placebos
  • More Information

• Drug Effectiveness and Safety
  • Making the Most of Drug Treatment
  • More Information

• Drug Errors
  • Using medication organizers
  • Understanding prescriptions
  • Prescribing drugs
  • Dispensing and administering drugs
  • Storing drugs properly
  • Taking expired drugs
  • More Information

Administration and Kinetics of Drugs

• Introduction to Administration and Kinetics of Drugs

• Drug Administration
  • Oral route
  • Injection routes
  • Sublingual and buccal routes
  • Rectal route
  • Vaginal route
  • Ocular route
  • Otic route
  • Nasal route
  • Inhalation route
  • Nebulization route
  • Cutaneous route
  • Transdermal route

• Drug Absorption
  • Tablets
  • Capsules
  • Enteric coatings
  • Controlled-release formulations
  • Causes of Low Bioavailability

• Drug Distribution Within the Body

• Drug Metabolism

• Drug Elimination
  • Drug elimination in the urine
  • Drug elimination in the bile
  • Other forms of drug elimination

• Nanomedicine

Adverse Drug Reactions

• Overview of Adverse Drug Reactions
  • Prevalence of adverse drug reactions
  • Common adverse drug reactions
  • Identification and reporting of adverse drug reactions
  • More Information

• Types of Adverse Drug Reactions
  • More Information

• Severity of Adverse Drug Reactions
  • Mild adverse drug reactions
  • Moderate adverse drug reactions
  • Severe adverse drug reactions
  • Lethal adverse drug reactions
  • More Information

• Benefits Versus Risks of Drugs

• Risk Factors for Adverse Drug Reactions
  • Use of Several Drugs
  • Age
  • Pregnancy and Breastfeeding/Chestfeeding
  • More Information

• Allergies to Drugs
  • More Information

• Overdose Toxicity
  • More Information

Brand-Name and Generic Drugs

• Overview of Generic Drugs and Drug Naming
  • Patent Protection for Drugs
  • Nonprescription Generic Drugs
  • More Information

• Bioequivalence and Interchangeability of Generic Drugs
  • Bioequivalence
  • Evaluation and approval procedures
  • Interchangeability and substitution
  • More Information

• Generic Biologic Drugs

Drug Dynamics

• Definition of Drug Dynamics

• Drug Action
  • Reversibility
  • Affinity and Intrinsic Activity
  • Potency, Efficacy, and Effectiveness

• Site Selectivity
  • Receptors on Cells
    • Agonists and antagonists
  • Enzymes
  • Chemical Interactions

Factors Affecting Response to Medications

• Overview of Response to Medications
  • Effects of age on drug response

• Adherence to Medication
  • Results of not adhering
  • Children and adherence
  • Older adults and adherence
  • Improving adherence

• Drug Interactions
  • Drug-Drug Interactions
    • Duplication
    • Opposition (antagonism)
    • Alteration
  • Drug-Nutrient Interactions
    • Food
    • Dietary supplements
    • Alcohol
  • Drug-Disease Interactions

• Genetic Makeup and Response to Medications

• Tolerance and Resistance to Medications
  • Tolerance
  • Resistance
  • Prevention and Treatment

Over-the-Counter Medications

• Overview of Over-the-Counter Medications
  • History of Medication Regulation in the United States
  • Safety Considerations
    • Reclassifying prescription medications as over-the-counter medications
  • Choosing and using over-the-counter medications
  • Reading the labels of over-the-counter medications
  • More Information

• Precautions With Over-the-Counter Medications
  • Children
  • Older Adults
  • Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women
  • People With Chronic Disorders
  • Drug-Drug Interactions
  • Medication Overlap
  • More Information