Rickettsial infections and related infections (such as anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and Q fever) are caused by an unusual type of bacteria that can live only inside the cells of another organism.
Most of these infections are spread through ticks, mites, fleas, or lice.
A fever, a severe headache, and usually a rash develop, and people feel generally ill.
Symptoms suggest the diagnosis, and to confirm it, doctors do special tests that use a sample from the rash or blood.
Antibiotics are given as soon as doctors suspect one of these infections.
Rickettsiae and related (rickettsia-like) bacteria (such as Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Coxiella burnetii bacteria) are an unusual type of bacteria that cause several similar diseases, including the following:
These bacteria differ from most other bacteria in that they can live and multiply only inside the cells of another organism (host) and cannot survive on their own in the environment.
Many species of these bacteria live in small animals (such as rats and mice), which are called the host. Cattle, sheep, or goats are the hosts for Coxiella burnetii, which causes Q fever. Humans are the usual host for Rickettsia prowazekii, which causes epidemic typhus. Host animals may or may not be ill from the infection.
Rickettsiae and rickettsia-like bacteria are usually spread to people through the bites of ticks, mites, fleas, or lice that previously fed on an infected animal. Ticks, mites, fleas, and lice are called vectors because they spread (transmit) organisms that cause disease from one host to another. Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, can be spread through the air or in contaminated food and water and do not require a vector.
Each species of rickettsiae and rickettsia-like bacteria has its own hosts and usually vectors.
Some of these bacteria (and the diseases they cause) occur worldwide. Others occur only in certain geographic regions.
Some of these bacteria infect the cells lining small blood vessels, causing the blood vessels to become inflamed or blocked or to bleed into the surrounding tissue. Other bacteria (Ehrlichia and Anaplasma) enter white blood cells.
Where damage occurs and how the body responds determine which symptoms develop.
Some Rickettsial and Related Infections
Infection | Infecting Organism | Host | Areas Where Infection Occurs | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Typhus | ||||
Epidemic typhus (lice-borne typhus) Brill-Zinsser disease (a recurrence of epidemic typhus, sometimes years after the first infection) | Rickettsia prowazekii, transmitted by lice or by unknown methods when the hosts are flying squirrels | People and flying squirrels | Throughout the world (uncommon in the United States, but occasionally occurs in people who have had contact with flying squirrels) | About 7 to 14 days after the bacteria enter the body, symptoms begin suddenly, with fever, headache, and extreme fatigue (prostration). A rash appears on the 4th to 6th day. Untreated, the infection may be fatal, especially in people older than 50. |
Rickettsia typhi or Rickettsia felis, transmitted by fleas | Cats, rodents, and opossums | Throughout the world | About 8 to 16 days after the bacteria enter the body, symptoms begin and are similar to those of epidemic typhus but are less severe. | |
Scrub typhus | ||||
Orientia tsutsugamushi (formerly, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi), transmitted by mite larvae (chiggers) | Mites (mites are both the transmitter and the host) | Asia-Pacific area, bounded by Japan, Korea, China, India, and northern Australia | About 6 to 21 days after the bacteria enter the body, symptoms begin suddenly, with fever, chills, headache, and swollen lymph nodes. A black scab may develop at the site of the chigger bite. A rash appears on the 5th to 8th day. | |
Spotted fever | ||||
R. rickettsii, transmitted by ticks | Rodents | The Western Hemisphere, including most of the United States (except for Maine, Hawaii, and Alaska) and Central and South America | About 3 to 12 days after the bacteria enter the body, symptoms begin. | |
Rickettsia africae, transmitted by ticks | Cows | Sub-Saharan Africa and West Indies | About 4 to 10 days after the bacteria enter the body, symptoms begin. A black scab usually develops at the site of the tick bite. | |
Mediterranean spotted fever (boutonneuse fever) | Rickettsia conorii, transmitted by dog ticks | Dogs | Africa, India, southern Europe, and the Middle East area around the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas | About 5 to 7 days after the bacteria enter the body, symptoms begin. A black scab may develop at the site of the tick bite. |
Rickettsia sibirica, transmitted by ticks | Rodents | Armenia, central Asia, Siberia, Mongolia, and China | A black scab may develop at the site of the tick bite. | |
Rickettsia australis, transmitted by ticks | Rodents | Australia | A black scab may develop at the site of the tick bite. | |
Rickettsia parkeri, transmitted by ticks | Rodents | Southern United States and South America | About 2 to 10 days after the bacteria enter the body, symptoms begin. A black scab usually develops at the site of the tick bite. | |
Rickettsia akari, transmitted by mites | House mice | First observed in New York City Other areas of the United States and Russia, Korea, and Africa | A small black scab appears at the site of the mite bite. It develops into a small sore that leaves a scar when it heals. About 1 week later, fever, headache, muscle pains, and a widespread rash develop. | |
Pacific Coast tick fever | R. philipii (364D) | Pacific Coast tick (Dermacentor occidentalis) | California | A black scab usually develops at the site of the tick bite, followed by fever, swollen lymph nodes, headache, muscle pains, and fatigue. Rash is a less common than with the other spotted fevers. |
Monocytic ehrlichiosis | Ehrlichia chaffeensis, transmitted by ticks, mainly the lone star tick | White tail deer and other mammals | Southeastern and south central United States | About 12 days after a tick bite, symptoms usually begin. They include fever, chills, muscle aches, weakness, nausea and/or vomiting, cough, headache, and a general feeling of illness. A rash may develop on the torso, arms, and legs. |
Granulocytic anaplasmosis | Anaplasma phagocytophilum, transmitted by ticks | Mainly mice and other small rodents | In the United States, the Northeast, mid-Atlantic, upper Midwest, and West Coast Europe | About 12 days after a tick bite, symptoms usually begin. They include fever, chills, muscle aches, weakness, nausea and/or vomiting, cough, headache, and a general feeling of illness (malaise). |
Q fever | ||||
Coxiella burnetii, transmitted by inhaling infected airborne droplets containing the bacteria or by consuming contaminated raw milk | Sheep, cattle, and goats | Throughout the world | About 9 to 28 days after bacteria enter the body, symptoms begin suddenly. They include fever, severe headache, chills, extreme weakness, muscle aches, loss of appetite, sweating, an unproductive cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath (caused by pneumonia), but no rash. | |
Symptoms of Rickettsial Infections
Different rickettsial infections tend to cause similar symptoms:
Fever
Severe headache
A characteristic rash
A general feeling of illness (malaise)
A sore covered by a black scab (eschar) may form at the site of the bite. Because the rash often does not appear for several days, early rickettsial infection is often mistaken for a common viral infection, such as influenza. People may have swollen lymph nodes.
As the infection progresses, people typically experience confusion and severe weakness—often with cough, difficulty breathing, and sometimes vomiting.
Images courtesy of Yoshiki Taniguchi, MD, and the Dermatology Online Journal.
When the infection is advanced, gangrene may develop, the liver or spleen may enlarge, the kidneys may malfunction, and blood pressure may fall dangerously low (causing shock). Death can result.
Diagnosis of Rickettsial Infections
A doctor's evaluation
Blood tests and biopsy of the rash
Because rickettsiae and rickettsia-like bacteria are transmitted by ticks, mites, fleas, and lice, doctors ask people
Whether they have been bitten by a tick or another vector
Whether they have traveled to an area where these infections are common
Being bitten is a helpful clue—particularly in geographic areas where rickettsial or a related infection is common. However, many people do not recall such a bite.
If doctors suspect Q fever, they may also ask whether people were at or near a farm (because cattle, sheep, and goats are the host for the bacteria that cause this infection).
Symptoms also help doctors diagnose these infections. Doctors ask people
How long it took for the rash to appear after they were bitten (if known)
Whether they have other symptoms
A physical examination is done to determine which parts of the body are affected and what the rash looks like. Doctors also look for an eschar (a sore covered by a black scab) that people may not have noticed and for swollen lymph nodes.
Testing
Testing is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis. Often, doctors cannot confirm an infection with rickettsiae or rickettsia-like bacteria quickly because these bacteria cannot be identified using commonly available laboratory tests. Special blood tests for these bacteria are not routinely available and take so long to process that people usually need to be treated before test results are available. Doctors base their decision to treat on the person's symptoms and the likelihood of possible exposure.
Useful tests include
Blood tests that detect antibodies to rickettsiae or rickettsia-like bacteria
If people have a rash, removal of a small sample of affected skin for testing (biopsy)
Doctors use two techniques to make the bacteria easier to detect and identify:
In immunofluorescence assays, foreign substances produced by the bacteria (antigens) are labeled with a fluorescent dye.
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique is used to increase the amount of the bacteria's DNA, so that the bacteria can be detected more rapidly.
Treatment of Rickettsial Infections
Antibiotics
Antibiotics are usually started without waiting to get the results of tests. Early treatment of rickettsial infections can prevent complications from developing, reduce the risk of dying, and shorten the recovery time.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Research on doxycycline and tooth staining).
After treatment, most people with a mild infection noticeably improve in 1 or 2 days, and fever usually disappears in 2 to 3 days. People take the antibiotic for a minimum of 1 week—longer if the fever persists. When treatment begins late, improvement is slower and the fever lasts longer. If the infection is untreated or if treatment is begun too late, people may die, especially if they have epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, or Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
and other similar antibiotics may be used to treat Mediterranean spotted fever but are usually not used to treat other rickettsial or related infections.
