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Merck Manual
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Professional
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Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
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Electrolyte Disorders
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Electrolyte Disorders
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Hypernatremia
Etiology
Hypovolemic hypernatremia
Euvolemic hypernatremia
Hypervolemic hypernatremia
Hypernatremia in older adults
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Hyponatremia
Etiology
Hypovolemic hyponatremia
Euvolemic hyponatremia
Hypervolemic hyponatremia
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Hyponatremia in AIDS
Cerebral salt wasting (CSW)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Exclusion of translocational hyponatremia and pseudohyponatremia
Identification of the cause
Treatment
Mild to moderate hyponatremia
Severe hyponatremia
Rapid-onset hyponatremia
Hypertonic saline solution
Selective vasopressin receptor antagonists
Chronic hyponatremia
Osmotic demyelination syndrome
Key Points
Overview of Disorders of Potassium Concentration
Potassium shifts
Potassium metabolism
Pseudohypokalemia and pseudohyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
ECG
Diagnosis of cause
Treatment
Mild hyperkalemia
Moderate to severe hyperkalemia
Key Points
Hypokalemia
Etiology
Gastrointestinal tract losses
Intracellular shift
Renal potassium losses
Medications
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
ECG
Diagnosis of cause
Treatment
Prevention
Key Points
Overview of Disorders of Calcium Concentration
Regulation of Calcium Metabolism
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Hypercalcemia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Cancer
Vitamin D toxicity
Granulomatous disorders
Immobilization
Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia
Milk-alkali syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Initial evaluation
Hyperparathyroidism
Cancer
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH)
Milk-alkali syndrome
Other causes
Treatment
Mild hypercalcemia
Moderate hypercalcemia
Severe hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia of malignancy
Hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Treatment reference
Key Points
Hypocalcemia
Etiology
Hypoparathyroidism
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Vitamin D deficiency and dependency
Renal disease
Other causes
Symptoms and Signs
Neurologic manifestations
Other manifestations
Diagnosis
Estimation of ionized calcium concentration
Treatment
Tetany
Transient hypoparathyroidism
Chronic hypocalcemia
Key Points
Overview of Disorders of Magnesium Concentration
Hypermagnesemia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypomagnesemia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Overview of Disorders of Phosphate Concentration
Hyperphosphatemia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Hypophosphatemia
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Oral treatment
Parenteral treatment
Key Points
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH)
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Medications and SIADH
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points