Psychiatric Disorders

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Approach to the Patient With Psychiatric Symptoms

• Initial Psychiatric Assessment
  • Reference
  • History
  • Mental Status Examination
  • More Information

• Medical Assessment of the Patient With Psychiatric Symptoms
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
    • Evaluation references

• Behavioral Emergencies
  • Etiology
  • General Principles
    • Staff and public safety
    • General principles references
  • Seclusion or Physical Restraints
    • Procedure
    • Complications
    • Complications reference
  • Chemical Restraints
    • Medications
    • Adverse effects of benzodiazepines
    • Adverse effects of antipsychotic medications
    • Chemical restraints reference
  • Consent and Involuntary Treatment

Anxiety and Stressor-Related Disorders

• Overview of Anxiety Disorders
  • General references
  • Etiology
    • COVID-19–related anxiety
    • Etiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Signs and symptoms reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Cultural factors
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Psychoeducation and relaxation techniques
    • Psychotherapies
    • Pharmacotherapy
    • Treatment of comorbidities
    • Treatment references

• Specific Phobias
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Exposure therapy
    • Pharmacotherapy
    • Treatment references

• Social Anxiety Disorder
  • General reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Pharmacotherapy
    • Psychotherapy
    • Treatment references

• Agoraphobia
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
  • Treatment references

• Overview of Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Self-care
    • Psychotherapy
    • Pharmacotherapy
    • Treatment references

• Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Self-care
    • Psychotherapy
    • Pharmacotherapy
    • Treatment references

• Adjustment Disorders
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Self-care
    • Psychotherapy
    • Pharmacotherapy
    • Treatment reference

Dissociative Disorders

• Overview of Dissociative Disorders
  • General references

• Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
  • General reference
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Dissociative Amnesia
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Dissociative fugue
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Dissociative Identity Disorder
  • General reference
  • Etiology
    • Etiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Multiple identities
    • Amnesia
    • Other symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis

• Dissociative Subtype of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis references

Eating Disorders

• Introduction to Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Differential diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Prognosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Bulimia Nervosa
  • General reference
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Complications
  • Diagnosis
  • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Binge Eating Disorder
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Pica
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Rumination Disorder
  • Diagnosis
  • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

Mood Disorders

• Overview of Mood Disorders
  • Suicide in mood disorders
  • Other complications of mood disorders
  • General references

• Bipolar Disorders
  • General references
  • Etiology
    • Etiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Mania
    • Hypomania
    • Depression
    • Mixed features
    • Symptoms and signs references
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder
    • Other treatments
    • Education and psychotherapy
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Medications for Treatment of Bipolar Disorders
  • Medication Selection and Use
    • Medication selection and use references
  • Lithium
    • Lithium references
  • Antiseizure Medications
  • Antipsychotics
    • Antipsychotics reference
  • Antidepressants
    • Antidepressants references
  • Precautions During Pregnancy
    • Precautions during pregnancy references

• Cyclothymic Disorder
  • Diagnosis
  • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment

• Depressive Disorders
  • Demoralization and grief
  • General references
  • Etiology
    • Etiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Major depressive disorder (unipolar depressive disorder)
    • Persistent depressive disorder
    • Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
    • Prolonged grief disorder
    • Other depressive disorder
    • Specifiers
    • Symptoms and signs references
  • Diagnosis
    • Differential diagnosis
    • Screening
    • Testing
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Initial support
    • Psychotherapy
    • Pharmacotherapy for depression
    • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
    • Light therapy
    • Other therapies
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Medications for Treatment of Depression
  • Antidepressants and Suicide Risk
  • General reference
  • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
  • Serotonin Modulators (5-HT2 Blockers)
  • Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
  • Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor
    • Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor reference
  • Heterocyclic Antidepressants (HCAs)
  • Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
  • Melatonergic Antidepressant
  • Ketamine and Esketamine
    • Ketamine and esketamine references
  • Choice and Administration of Antidepressants
  • Choice and administration of antidepressants reference

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs references
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Body Dysmorphic Disorder
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Signs and symptoms references
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Trichotillomania
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior Disorder
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Hoarding Disorder
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Olfactory Reference Disorder
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders

• Overview of Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders
  • General reference

• Voyeuristic Disorder
  • General references
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Exhibitionistic Disorder
  • General references
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Frotteuristic Disorder
  • General references
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references

• Sexual Masochism Disorder
  • Autoerotic asphyxiation (asphyxiophilia)
  • General reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Sexual Sadism Disorder
  • General references
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment

• Pedophilic Disorder
  • General references
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Medications
    • Treatment references

• Fetishistic Disorder
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Transvestic Disorder
  • General reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

Personality Disorders

• Overview of Personality Disorders
  • Types of Personality Disorders
    • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • General principles for treatment
  • Key Points

• Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD)
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Differential diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Schizoid Personality Disorder (ScPD)
  • General references
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Differential diagnosis
  • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment

• Schizotypal Personality Disorder (STPD)
  • General references
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Differential diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
  • General references
  • Etiology
    • Etiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Differential diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
  • Treatment reference

• Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
  • General references
  • Etiology
    • Etiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Differential diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Psychotherapy
    • Medications
    • Treatment references

• Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD)
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Differential diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment

• Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)
  • General references
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Differential diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references

• Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD)
  • General references
  • Etiology
    • Etiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Differential diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)
  • General reference
  • Etiology
    • Etiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Differential diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment

• Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Differential diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references

Schizophrenia and Related Disorders

• Introduction to Schizophrenia and Related Disorders

• Antipsychotic Drugs
  • Conventional antipsychotics
  • Second-generation antipsychotics
  • Long-acting antipsychotic drugs
  • Adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs
  • Antipsychotic drug references

• Brief Psychotic Disorder

• Delusional Disorder
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Prognosis
  • Treatment

• Other Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorders

• Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

• Schizoaffective Disorder
  • Treatment

• Schizophrenia
  • Etiology
    • Neurodevelopmental vulnerability
    • Environmental stressors
    • Etiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Phases of schizophrenia
    • Symptom categories in schizophrenia
    • Subtypes of schizophrenia
    • Suicide
    • Violence
    • Symptoms reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Differential diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Rehabilitation and community support services
    • Psychotherapy
    • General treatment references
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Schizophreniform Disorder

• Shared Psychosis

• Substance-/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder
  • Treatment

Gender Incongruence and Gender Dysphoria

• Gender Incongruence and Gender Dysphoria
  • General references
  • Etiology
    • Etiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms in children
    • Symptoms in adults
    • Symptoms and signs references
  • Diagnosis
    • Assessment and diagnosis in all age groups
    • Diagnosis of gender dysphoria in children
    • Diagnosis of gender dysphoria in adolescents and adults
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB)
    • Individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB)
    • Nonbinary and other gender-diverse individuals
    • Gender dysphoria in children and adolescents
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

• Overview of Somatization
  • Reference

• Somatic Symptom Disorder
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment

• Illness Anxiety Disorder
  • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment

• Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions
  • Reference

• Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Reference
  • Treatment

• Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another
  • Reference

Suicidal Behavior and Self-Injury

• Suicidal Behavior
  • Epidemiology
    • Epidemiology references
  • Etiology
    • Etiology references
  • Methods
    • Methods references
  • Management
    • Management references
  • Prevention
    • Prevention references
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Impact of Suicide
    • Impact of suicide references
  • Physician Aid in Dying
  • More Information

• Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI)
  • General reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • More Information

Substance-Related Disorders

• Overview of Substance Use
  • Scheduled drugs

• Substance Use Disorders
  • Physiologic effects of substance use
  • Intoxication
  • Withdrawal
  • Substance-induced Psychiatric Disorders
  • Clinical Approach to Substance Use Disorders
  • Etiology
    • Drug
    • User
    • Setting
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points