Parasomnias

These frightening episodes result in sitting up, screaming, and flailing about. The eyes are wide open, and the heart races. People appear very frightened. Episodes usually occur when people are partially aroused or when they just awakened from the deepest stage of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, typically during the first few hours of the night.

Night terrors differ from nightmares and may lead to sleepwalking.

Night terrors are more common among children. Children should not be awakened because doing so makes them even more frightened. Although children appear highly distressed, they have no memory for the events or mental images after awakening and do not have psychological problems as a result of these behaviors. Parents need not be overly distressed. Children usually stop having episodes when they become older.

Episodes in adults are often associated with psychological problems or alcohol use disorder.

For children, reassurance from their parents may be all that is needed. If school work or other activities are affected, treating older children with certain benzodiazepinesantianxiety medications) and induce sleep (sedatives), are given 90 minutes before bedtime. They can help children sleep and make night terrors less likely to occur. However, long-term use of benzodiazepines can lead to drug dependence. Thus, these medications are usually taken for only a relatively short time (about 3 to 6 weeks).

Adults may benefit from psychotherapy or medications.

Nightmares are vivid, frightening dreams, followed by sudden awakening. Children are more likely to have nightmares than adults. Nightmares occur during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Nightmares are more likely to occur when people are under stress, have a fever, are excessively tired, or have consumed alcohol.

Treatment of nightmares, if necessary, focuses on any underlying problem.

Sleepwalking, most common in late childhood and adolescence, is walking in a semiconscious manner without being consciously aware of it. It occurs during the deepest stage of NREM sleep.

Sleepwalkers may mumble repetitiously and can hurt themselves by walking into obstacles. Most sleepwalkers have no memory of sleepwalking.

Not getting enough sleep and behaving in ways that are not conducive to sleep (see table Changes in Behavior to Improve Sleep) can make sleepwalking more likely. For example, consuming caffeine, exercising, or watching an exciting television show too closely before bedtime may trigger sleepwalking.

Usually, no specific treatment is necessary unless sleepwalking results in injury.

The following general measures may help make sleepwalking less likely:

• Taking measures to improve sleep—for example, near bedtime, avoiding doing anything stimulating (such as exercising within a couple of hours or consuming caffeine within about 12 hours)

• Installing alarms to awaken the sleepwalker when the sleepwalker leaves the bed

• Installing door alarms

The following measures may help prevent injuries during sleepwalking:

• Gently leading the sleepwalker back to bed, rather than forcibly awakening the sleepwalker, which may agitate the sleepwalker

• Removing obstacles or breakable objects that may be in the sleepwalker's path

• Keeping windows closed and locked

• For the sleepwalker, sleeping in a low bed or on a mattress on the floor to prevent falls from bed when the sleepwalker attempts to get out of bed

Benzodiazepinesdrug dependence.

This disorder involves speaking (often profanely) and sometimes making aggressive movements during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, usually in response to a dream.

REM sleep behavior disorder is more common among older adults. Most people with this disorder have a disorder that causes brain tissue to degenerate, such as Parkinson disease, multiple system atrophy, or dementia with Lewy bodies. The risk of developing Alzheimer disease may be somewhat increased. Some people develop Parkinson disease years after REM sleep behavior disorder is diagnosed.

People with REM sleep behavior disorder, unlike those with night terrors, are sometimes aware of having dreamed vividly during these episodes when they wake up the next day.

Aggressive movements may include waving the arms, punching, and kicking. The aggressive behavior is not intentional and is not directed at anyone. People may inadvertently injure themselves or their bed partner. Also, this behavior interferes with sleep, making people tired and sleepy during the day.

Doctors can often diagnose REM sleep behavior disorder based on symptoms reported by the person or the person’s bed partner. But if they cannot, polysomnography with electromyography (EMG) is usually done.

To check for disorders that cause degeneration of the brain, doctors do a neurologic examination to evaluate mental status and brain and nerve function. If an abnormality is detected, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be done.

Bed partners should be warned about the possibility of harm and may wish to sleep in another bed until the medication begins to work. People with REM sleep behavior disorder should remove sharp objects and furniture from next to their bed.

Muscle cramps often occur in the calf or foot during sleep in otherwise healthy middle-aged and older adults.

Doctors usually diagnose sleep-related leg cramps based on symptoms after they rule out other physical problems or disabilities. No further testing is needed.

To prevent these cramps, people should stretch the affected muscles for several minutes before going to sleep. Usually, stretching as soon as cramps occur relieves symptoms promptly and is preferred to drug treatment. Avoiding caffeine and other stimulants may help.