Fibrosis is the formation of an abnormally large amount of scar tissue in the liver. It occurs when the liver attempts to repair and replace damaged cells.
Many conditions can damage the liver.
Fibrosis itself causes no symptoms, but severe scarring can result in cirrhosis, which can cause symptoms.
Doctors can often diagnose fibrosis and estimate its severity based on results of blood and imaging tests, but sometimes liver biopsy is required.
Treatment involves correcting the underlying condition when possible.
Fibrosis and cirrhosis are not specific disorders. Instead, they are the result of other causes of liver damage.
Fibrosis develops when the liver is repeatedly or continuously damaged. After a single episode of injury, even if severe (as with acute hepatitis), the liver commonly repairs itself by making new liver cells and attaching them to the web of connective tissue (internal structure) that is left when liver cells die. However, if injury is repeated or continuous (as occurs in chronic hepatitis), liver cells attempt to repair the damage, but the attempts result in scar tissue (fibrosis). Fibrosis can develop more rapidly when it is caused by a blockage in the bile ducts.
Scar tissue replaces the liver cells and, unlike liver cells, performs no function. Scar tissue can distort the liver's internal structure and interfere with blood flow to and in the liver, limiting the blood supply for the liver cells. Without enough blood, these cells die, and more scar tissue is formed. Also, blood pressure in the vein that carries blood from the intestine to the liver (portal vein) increases—a condition called portal hypertension.
Fibrosis can sometimes be reversed if the cause is identified promptly and corrected. However, after months or years of repeated or continual damage, fibrosis becomes widespread and permanent. The scar tissue can form bands throughout the liver, destroying the liver’s internal structure and impairing the liver’s ability to regenerate itself and to function. Such severe scarring is called cirrhosis.
Causes of Liver Fibrosis
Various disorders, medications, and substances can repeatedly or continuously damage the liver and thus cause fibrosis (see table Some Conditions and Medications That Can Cause Fibrosis of the Liver).
The most common causes in the United States are
Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH), formerly known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): This is another way of characterizing fatty (steatotic) liver not due to excessive alcohol use.
Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease usually occurs in people who have excess body weight, diabetes or prediabetes, and/or high levels of fats (lipids) and cholesterol in the blood. This combination of risk factors for fatty (steatotic) liver disease is often referred to as metabolic syndrome. Over recent years, metabolic syndrome leading to metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease has become increasingly common in the United States. Worldwide, viral hepatitis B (see table The Hepatitis Viruses) is a common cause. Sometimes the cause of fibrosis is not known.
Some Conditions and Medications That Can Cause Fibrosis of the Liver
Type | Examples | Comments |
|---|---|---|
Certain hereditary metabolic disorders | Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency | These disorders affect how foods are absorbed, broken down, and/or processed (metabolized) in the body. If foods are not broken down normally, substances can accumulate in various organs (such as the liver) and cause damage. |
Infections | Viral infections such as chronic hepatitis B or C | Some infections can affect almost any organ of the body, including the liver. Some, such as hepatitis, affect mainly the liver. |
Autoimmune disorders | The body attacks its own tissues (an autoimmune reaction). In primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, bile ducts become inflamed, scarred, and blocked. | |
Disorders that affect blood flow to, in, and out of the liver | Budd-Chiari syndrome (blockage of blood flow out of the liver) Portal vein thrombosis (blockage of the main vein to the liver by a blood clot) Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (veno-occlusive disease of the liver; blockage of the small veins in the liver) | When blood cannot leave the liver, the liver enlarges. When liver cells do not receive enough blood, they die and are replaced with scar tissue. Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome is sometimes caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloids. These substances are present in certain herbal products such as bush (rooibos) teas, which are sometimes used for their supposed health benefits. |
Medications and substances | Alcohol Corticosteroids Oxyphenisatin | Most medications must be processed in the liver. Some can harm the liver and require periodic liver blood tests while the person takes these medications. |
Other disorders | Congenital hepatic fibrosis | Congenital hepatic fibrosis damages primarily the liver, gallbladder, and kidneys. It causes fibrosis in the liver and other symptoms. This disorder is present at birth. In metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis ( MASH), fat accumulates in the liver and fibrosis can develop. This disorder tends to occur in people who have metabolic syndrome. |
Symptoms of Liver Fibrosis
Fibrosis itself does not cause symptoms. Symptoms may result from the disorder causing fibrosis. Also, if fibrosis progresses, cirrhosis may develop. Cirrhosis can cause complications (such as portal hypertension) that cause symptoms.
Diagnosis of Liver Fibrosis
A doctor's evaluation
Sometimes blood tests, imaging tests, or both
Sometimes liver biopsy
Doctors suspect fibrosis when people have a disorder or take a medication that could cause fibrosis or when routine blood tests to evaluate the liver indicate that the liver is damaged or is malfunctioning. Tests are then done to confirm the diagnosis, and if fibrosis is present, tests are done to determine its severity. These tests can include imaging tests, blood tests, liver biopsy, and sometimes specialized imaging tests to determine how stiff the liver is.
Imaging tests such as ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) do not detect early or moderately advanced fibrosis. However, these tests may show abnormalities that can accompany cirrhosis and portal hypertension (such as an enlarged spleen or varices).
Certain combinations of blood tests can distinguish between 2 levels of fibrosis:
Absent or mild
Moderate to severe
The severity of fibrosis helps indicate the prognosis in people who have chronic viral hepatitis.
Liver biopsy is the most reliable way to detect and stage (determine the amount of) fibrosis and to identify the disorder causing fibrosis. Biopsy is often done to confirm the diagnosis, to identify the cause of the liver disease, to stage the level of fibrosis or the presence of cirrhosis, as well as to assess the response to the treatment. Because liver biopsy is invasive and can cause complications, doctors may first do blood tests and imaging tests to determine the level of fibrosis and then decide about the need for a liver biopsy. Doctors are increasingly relying on certain specialized imaging tests as noninvasive alternatives to biopsy.
Specialized imaging tests can determine how stiff the liver is. The stiffer liver tissue is, the more severe fibrosis is likely to be. These tests (transient elastography, magnetic resonance elastography, and acoustic radiation force impulse imaging) use sound waves, applied to the abdomen, to determine how stiff the liver tissue is. Unlike liver biopsy, these tests are not invasive and thus have some advantage.
Transient elastography and magnetic resonance elastography are being used in people with various liver disorders to diagnose and stage the fibrosis. Additionally, these tests are used to assess the amount of liver fat in people with fatty liver disease. Conventional ultrasonography can be unreliable because results depend on the skill of the person doing the procedure. In contrast, these specialized imaging tests report their measurement in numbers, allowing objective assessment.
Combinations of blood tests and imaging tests, some of them highly specialized, may improve the doctor's ability to accurately assess the degree of fibrosis.
Treatment of Liver Fibrosis
Doctors focus on treating the cause, which often stops or slows further scarring of the liver and sometimes results in improvement. Such treatment may include
Using antiviral drugs to eliminate the virus if people have chronic viral hepatitis
Not drinking alcohol if people have alcohol-related liver disease
Using medications to remove heavy metals if people have iron overload (hemochromatosis) or Wilson disease
Stopping any medication or supplement that is causing fibrosis
Removing or dissolving a blockage in the bile ducts
Losing weight and controlling blood sugar and lipid levels in people with metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis
No available medication stops the formation of scar tissue effectively and safely. However, drugs that may reduce fibrosis are currently under study. Silymarin, in , or coffee may help protect the liver against fibrosis, but the evidence is not enough to recommend either as treatment.
