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MSDMERCK MANUALConsumer Version
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Authors

Content last modified Apr 2024

We gratefully acknowledge the expertise of the contributors to our current online version. The subject(s) that they are responsible for are listed after their affiliations.

Denise M. Aaron, MD

  • Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine
Fungal Skin Infections, Noncancerous Skin Growths

Bola Adamolekun, MD

  • University of Tennessee Health Science Center
  • Methodist Medical Group
Seizure Disorders

Chris G. Adigun, MD

  • Dermatology & Laser Center of Chapel Hill
Nail Disorders

Emmanuel Akintoye, MD, MPH

  • Yale School of Medicine
Heart Tumors

Andrei V. Alexandrov, MD

  • The University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Stroke

Richard C. Allen, MD, PhD

  • University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School
  • Texas Oculoplastics Consultants
Eyelid and Tearing Disorders, Eye Socket Disorders

Gil Amarilyo, MD

  • Tel Aviv University
  • Scneider Children's Medical Center of Israel
Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes

Gerald L. Andriole, MD

  • Johns Hopkins Medicine
Benign Prostate Disorders

Parswa Ansari, MD

  • Hofstra Northwell-Lenox Hill Hospital, New York
Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Anal and Rectal Disorders, Gastrointestinal Emergencies

Brian Appleby, MD

  • Case Western Reserve University
  • National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center
Prion Diseases

Noel A. Armenakas, MD

  • Weill Cornell Medical School
  • New York Presbyterian Hospital
  • Hofstra University
  • Lenox Hill Hospital
Injury to the Urinary Tract and Genitals

Guy P. Armstrong, MD

  • Waitemata District Health Board and Waitemata Cardiology, Auckland
  • North Shore Hospital, Auckland
Heart Valve Disorders, Endocarditis

Thomas Arnold, MD

  • Department of Emergency Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport
Bites and Stings

Evelyn Attia, MD

  • Columbia University Medical Center
  • Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University
  • New York State Psychiatric Institute
  • Columbia University Medical Center
  • New York-Presbyterian Hospital
Eating Disorders

Haya Aziz, MD

  • McGill University
Atherosclerosis

Sarah M. Bagley, MD, MSc

  • Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
  • Boston Medical Center
Problems in Adolescents

Debra Bakerjian, PhD, APRN

  • University of California Davis
Providing Care to Older Adults

George L. Bakris, MD

  • University of Chicago School of Medicine
High Blood Pressure

Lauren A. Baldassarre, MD

  • Yale School of Medicine
Heart Tumors

Arcangela Lattari Balest, MD

  • University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine
  • Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
Lung and Breathing Problems in Newborns, General Problems in Newborns

Robert A. Barish, MD, MBA

  • University of Illinois at Chicago
  • University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System
  • Association of Academic Health Centers (AAHC)
  • Economic Club of Chicago
  • Institute of Medicine Chicago
Bites and Stings

Jennifer M. Barker, MD

  • Children's Hospital Colorado, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology
Polyglandular Deficiency Syndromes

John W. Barnhill, MD

  • New York-Presbyterian Hospital
  • Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University
  • Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
Anxiety and Stressor-Related Disorders

Michael Bartel, MD, PhD

  • Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University
  • Bayhealth Medical Center
Biology of the Digestive System, Pancreatitis

Joel A. Baum, MD

  • Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Diverticular Disease

Lee B. Beerman, MD

  • Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Birth Defects of the Heart

Jaime Belkind-Gerson, MD, MSc

  • University of Colorado
  • Children's Hospital Colorado
Gastrointestinal (GI) and Liver Problems in Newborns, Birth Defects of the Digestive Tract, Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children

Julia Benedetti, MD

  • Harvard Medical School
  • Lahey Hospital & Medical Center
Biology of the Skin, Hypersensitivity and Reactive Skin Disorders, Sunlight and Skin Damage

James R. Berenson, MD

  • Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research
Plasma Cell Disorders

John L. Berk, MD

  • Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Medical Center
Amyloidosis

Rajeev Bhatia, MD

  • Phoenix Children's Hospital
  • University of Arizona College of Medicine
Respiratory Disorders in Infants and Children

Shilpa N Bhupathiraju, PhD

  • Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital
  • Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Overview of Nutrition, Undernutrition

Scott W. Biest, MD

  • Washington University School of Medicine
Fibroids

Mark H. Bilsky, MD

  • Weill Medical College of Cornell University
  • Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Tumors of the Nervous System

Jurij R. Bilyk, MD

  • Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
  • Wills Eye Hospital
Eye Injuries

Donald W. Black, MD

  • University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
  • Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance

Steven D. Blatt, MD

  • State University of New York, Upstate Medical University
  • State University of New York, Upstate Medical University
Social Issues Affecting Children and Their Families

Marcy B. Bolster, MD

  • Harvard Medical School
  • Massachusetts General Hospital
Osteoporosis

Herbert L. Bonkovsky, MD

  • Wake Forest University School of Medicine
  • Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist
Porphyrias

Hayley L. Born, MD, MS

  • Columbia University
Laryngeal Disorders

Laura Boucai, MD

  • Weill Cornell Medical College
  • Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Thyroid Gland Disorders

Christopher J. Brady, MD

  • Wilmer Eye Institute, Retina Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
  • Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont
Symptoms of Eye Disorders

Pamela Brock, MS, CGC

  • The Ohio State University
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes

George R. Brown, MD

  • East Tennessee State University
  • East Tennessee State University
Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders, Gender Incongruence and Gender Dysphoria, Sexuality

Erika F. Brutsaert, MD

  • New York Medical College
  • Westchester Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Disorders of Blood Sugar Metabolism

Todd M. Bull, MD

  • University of Colorado, Pulmonary and Critical Care
Pulmonary Embolism

Emily E. Bunce, MD

  • Wake Forest School of Medicine
Symptoms During Pregnancy

Vatinee Y. Bunya, MD, MSCE

  • Scheie Eye Institute at the University of Pennsylvania
Corneal Disorders

Larry M. Bush, MD, FACP

  • Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University
  • University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine
Bacterial Infections: Gram-Negative Bacteria, Bacterial Infections: Gram-Positive Bacteria, Bacterial Infections: Overview, Bacterial Infections: Anaerobic Bacteria, Bacterial Infections: Spirochetes, Meningococcal Infections, Biology of Infectious Disease

Jerrold T. Bushberg, PhD, DABMP, DABSNM

  • The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
  • School of Medicine, University of California, Davis
Radiation Injury

Edward R. Cachay, MD, MAS

  • University of California, San Diego School of Medicine
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection

Andrew Calabria, MD

  • The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
  • Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania
Hormonal Disorders in Children

Danielle Campagne, MD

  • University of California, San Francisco
  • University of California, San Francisco - Fresno
  • American Ambulance
Dislocations, Sprains and Other Soft-Tissue Injuries, Fractures

John D. Carmichael, MD

  • Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California
  • USC Pitutiary Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California
Pituitary Gland Disorders

Damien Wilson Carter, MD

  • Tufts University School of Medicine
  • Maine Medical Center
Burns

Thomas Cascino, MD, MSc

  • Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan
Diagnosis of Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders

Frances E. Casey, MD, MPH

  • Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center
Family Planning

Thenappan Chandrasekar, MD

  • University of California, Davis
  • VA Northern California HCS
Cancers of the Kidney and Genitourinary Tract

Julia F. Charles, MD, PhD

  • Brigham and Women's Hospital
  • Harvard Medical School
Paget Disease of Bone

John J. Chen, MD, PhD

  • Mayo Clinic
Optic Nerve Disorders

Alan G. Cheng, MD

  • Stanford University
Mouth and Throat Disorders

Lydia Choi, MD

  • Karmanos Cancer Center
  • Wayne State School of Medicine
Breast Cancer, Breast Disorders

Paul H. Chung, MD

  • Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University
Diagnosis of Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders

Erin G. Clifton, PhD

  • University of Michigan
Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault

Elizabeth L. Cobbs, MD

  • George Washington University
  • Washington DC Veterans Administration Medical Center
Death and Dying

Rafael Antonio Ching Companioni, MD

  • HCA Florida Gulf Coast Hospital
  • Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), Diverticular Disease

Allison Conn, MD

  • Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Pavilion for Women
Sexual Function and Dysfunction in Women

James C. Connors, DPM

  • Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine
Foot and Ankle Problems

Deborah M. Consolini, MD

  • Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
  • Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Health Supervision of Well Children, Symptoms in Infants and Children, Care of Newborns and Infants

André V Coombs, MBBS

  • University of South Florida
  • HCA Florida Kendall Hospital
Surgery

Elizabeth Coon, MD

  • Mayo Clinic
Autonomic Nervous System Disorders

William Coryell, MD

  • University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
Mood Disorders

Jimena Cubillos, MD

  • University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Birth Defects of the Urinary Tract and Genitals

Deepan S. Dalal, MD, MPH

  • Brown University
Muscle, Bursa, and Tendon Disorders

David C. Dale, MD

  • University of Washington
  • University of Washington Medical Center
White Blood Cell Disorders

Daniel F. Danzl, MD

  • University of Louisville School of Medicine
Cold Injuries

Shinjita Das, MD MPH

  • Massachusetts General Hospital
  • Harvard Medical School
Psoriasis and Scaling Disorders, Sweating Disorders, Pigment Disorders

Michael H. Davidson, MD, FACC, FNLA

  • University of Chicago Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine
Cholesterol Disorders

Keara N. DeCotiis, MD

  • Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
  • Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University
Urinary Incontinence in Children

Peter J. Delves, PhD

  • University College London, London, UK
Biology of the Immune System

Matt Demczko, MD

  • Mitochondrial Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Hereditary Metabolic Disorders

Rebecca Dezube, MD, MHS

  • Johns Hopkins University
Diagnosis of Lung Disorders, Biology of the Lungs and Airways, Symptoms of Lung Disorders

Deepinder K. Dhaliwal, MD, L.Ac

  • University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
  • UPMC Eye Center
  • University of Pittsburgh
Refractive Disorders

Matthew D. Di Guglielmo, MD, PhD

  • Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University
  • Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Stool Incontinence in Children

Joel E. Dimsdale, MD

  • University of California, San Diego
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

James G. H. Dinulos, MD

  • Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
  • University of Connecticut
Cornification Disorders, Parasitic Skin Infections, Viral Skin Infections

James D. Douketis, MD

  • McMaster University
  • McMaster University
Venous Disorders, Lymphatic Disorders

Antonette T. Dulay, MD

  • Main Line Health System
  • Axia Women’s Health
Complications of Pregnancy

Jeffrey S. Dungan, MD

  • Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine
Detection of Genetic Disorders Before and During Pregnancy

Josephine Elia, MD

  • Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University
Mental Health Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Ashkan Emadi, MD, PhD

  • West Virginia University School of Medicine, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center
  • WVU Cancer Institute
Leukemias

B. Mark Evers, MD

  • Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky
  • University of Kentucky Department of Surgery
Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Stephen J. Falchek, MD

  • Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Birth Defects of the Brain and Spinal Cord

Mark A. Farber, MD, FACS

  • University of North Carolina
  • University of North Carolina Aortic Network
Aneurysms and Aortic Dissection

Abimbola Farinde, PhD, PharmD

  • Columbia Southern University, Orange Beach, AL
  • Colorado State University Global
Drug Dynamics

James Fernandez, MD, PhD

  • Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University
  • Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Wade Park
  • Cleveland Clinic
Immunodeficiency Disorders, Allergic Reactions and Other Hypersensitivity Disorders

Teodoro Ernesto Figueroa, MD

  • Nemours/A.I. duPont Nemours Hospital for Children
  • Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University
Urinary Incontinence in Children

Nowell M. Fine, MD, SM

  • Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary
Heart Failure

Michael B. First, MD

  • Columbia University
  • New York State Psychiatric Institute
Overview of Mental Health Care

Eric J. Formeister, MD, MS

  • Dept. of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine
Biology of the Ears, Nose, and Throat

Joseph D Forrester, MD, MSc

  • Stanford University
  • Stanford Healthcare
Bacteremia, Sepsis, and Septic Shock

Mark Freedman, MD, MSc

  • University of Ottawa
  • Ottawa Hospital-General Campus
Diagnosis of Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders, Symptoms of Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders

Marvin P. Fried, MD

  • Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital of Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Symptoms of Nose and Throat Disorders, Nose and Sinus Disorders

Lara A. Friel, MD, PhD

  • University of Texas Health Medical School at Houston, McGovern Medical School
Pregnancy Complicated by Disease

Enrica Fung, MD, MPH

  • Loma Linda University School of Medicine
  • VA Loma Linda Healthcare System
Cystic Kidney Disorders

Robert Peter Gale, MD, PhD, DSC(hc)

  • Imperial College London
  • Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
Overview of Cancer, Prevention and Treatment of Cancer

James Garrity, MD

  • Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
Biology of the Eyes

Gloria F. Gerber, MD

  • Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Hematology
Anemia

Mark T. Gladwin, MD

  • University of Maryland School of Medicine
  • University of Maryland, Baltimore
Pulmonary Hypertension

Stephen Gluckman, MD

  • Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Oluwatosin Goje, MD, MSCR

  • Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University
  • Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic
Vaginitis, Cervicitis, and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Stuart B. Goodman, MD, PhD

  • Stanford University
Osteonecrosis

Jonathan Gotfried, MD

  • Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University
  • Main Line Health, Bryn Mawr, PA
Diagnosis of Digestive Disorders, Symptoms of Digestive Disorders, Gastroenteritis

Evan G. Graber, DO

  • Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
  • Sydney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University
Growth and Development

Michael I. Greenberg, MD

  • Drexel University College of Medicine
Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Renee Gresh, DO

  • Nemours A.I. duPont Hospital for Children
Childhood Cancers

William R. Grier, MD

  • University of Maryland School of Medicine
Rehabilitation for Lung and Airway Disorders

Ashley B. Grossman, MD

  • University of Oxford; Fellow, Green-Templeton College
  • St Bartholomew’s Hospital and the London School of Medicine
Adrenal Gland Disorders

Ravindu Gunatilake, MD

  • Valley Perinatal Services
  • Creighton University School of Medicine-Phoenix
Medication and Substance Use During Pregnancy

Jessica I. Gupta, MD

  • University of Michigan Health
Biology of the Heart and Blood Vessels

James Peter Adam Hamilton, MD

  • Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
  • Johns Hopkins Medicine
Iron Overload

Mickie Hamiter, MD

  • New York Presbyterian Columbia
Inner Ear Disorders, Hearing Loss and Deafness

Margaret R. Hammerschlag, MD

  • State University of New York Downstate Medical Center
Chlamydial Infections and Mycoplasmas

L. Aimee Hechanova, MD

  • Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso
Dialysis, Disorders of Kidney Tubules

Robert P. Heine, MD

  • Wake Forest School of Medicine
  • Wake Forest Baptist Health
Symptoms During Pregnancy

Bernard J. Hennessy, DDS

  • Texas A&M University, College of Dentistry
Symptoms of Oral and Dental Disorders, Lip and Tongue Disorders, Tooth Disorders, Halitosis with Dr. Bernard J. Hennessy

Martin Hertl, MD, PhD

  • Rush University Medical Center
Transplantation

Linda L. Hill, MD, MPH

  • Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, UC San Diego
The Older Driver

Irvin H. Hirsch, MD

  • Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University
Biology of the Male Reproductive System

Kelly R. Hodges, MD

  • Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Pavilion for Women
Sexual Function and Dysfunction in Women

Brian D. Hoit, MD

  • Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
  • Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute
Pericardial Disease and Myocarditis

Peter Hountras, MD

  • University of Colorado
Pulmonary Embolism

Frank Hu, MD, MPH, PhD

  • Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Overview of Nutrition, Undernutrition

Juebin Huang, MD, PhD

  • Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center
Brain Dysfunction, Delirium and Dementia

Talha H. Imam, MD

  • University of Riverside School of Medicine
  • Kaiser Permanente Fontana Medical Center
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Zacharia Isaac, MD

  • Brigham and Women's Hospital
  • Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital
Rehabilitation

Manuel Izquierdo, DO

  • Wake Forest Baptist Health
Asthma

Whitney Jackson, MD

  • University of Colorado School of Medicine
  • University of Colorado School of Medicine
Alcohol-Related Liver Disease, Blood Vessel Disorders of the Liver

Harry S. Jacob, MD, DHC

  • University of Minnesota Medical School
  • HemOnc Today
Spleen Disorders

Efia S. James, MD, MPH

  • Bergen New Bridge Medical Center
Environmental and Occupational Lung Diseases

Taha A. Jan, MD

  • Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Middle Ear Disorders

Masaya Jimbo, MD, PhD

  • Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Sexual Function and Dysfunction in Men

Arif Jivan, MD, PhD

  • Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Coronary Artery Disease

Larry E. Johnson, MD, PhD

  • University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
  • University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Vitamins, Minerals

Brian D. Johnston, Exercise Specialist

  • International Association of Resistance Training
  • Prescribed Exercise Clinics
Exercise and Fitness

Jaime Jordan, MD

  • UCLA School of Medicine
  • Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center
First Aid

David M. Joyce, MD

  • Moffitt Cancer Center
Bone and Joint Tumors

Michael J. Joyce, MD

  • Cleveland Clinic Lerner School of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University
Bone and Joint Tumors

Bruce A. Kaiser, MD

  • Nemours/Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children
High Blood Pressure in Children

Daniel B. Kaplan, PhD, LICSW

  • Adelphi University School of Social Work
  • University of Michigan Certificate in Advanced Clinical Dementia Practice
Social Issues Affecting Older People, Elder Abuse

Sophie Katz, MD, MPH

  • Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Respiratory Viruses, COVID-19

Kenneth M. Kaye, MD

  • Harvard Medical School
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital
Herpesvirus Infections

David M. Kaylie, MS, MD

  • Duke University Medical Center
Symptoms of Ear Disorders

Robert L. Keith, MD

  • Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine
  • Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, VA Eastern Colorado HealthCare System
Tumors of the Lungs

Sarah F. Keller, MD, MA

  • Cleveland Clinic, Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases
Gout and Calcium Pyrophosphate Arthritis

Jonette E. Keri, MD, PhD

  • University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine
  • Miami VA Hospital
Treatment of Skin Disorders, Acne and Related Disorders

Shubhangi Kesavan, MD

  • Cleveland Clinic Learner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University
Diagnosis of Gynecologic Disorders, Symptoms of Gynecologic Disorders

Bradley W. Kesser, MD

  • University of Virginia School of Medicine
Outer Ear Disorders, Understanding Different Types of Ear Infections

Mashal Khan, MD

  • NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
  • Columbia University Medical Center
Substance-Related Disorders

Leila M. Khazaeni, MD

  • Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Diagnosis of Eye Disorders, Cataract, Eye Disorders in Children

Charles Kilpatrick, MD, MEd

  • Baylor College of Medicine
Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP), Miscellaneous Gynecologic Abnormalities

Lawrence S. Kirschner, MD, PhD

  • The Ohio State University
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes

Gary D. Klasser, DMD

  • Louisiana State University School of Dentistry
Temporomandibular Disorders

Robyn S. Klein, MD, PhD

  • University of Western Ontario
Meningitis, Brain Infections

Laura D Kramer, PhD

  • Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health
  • School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany
Overview of Viral Infections

Balaji Krishnaiah, MD

  • The University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Stroke

Sonal Kumar, MD, MPH

  • Weill Cornell Medical College
Hepatitis

David J. Kuter, MD, DPhil

  • Harvard Medical School
  • Massachusetts General Hospital
Bleeding Due to Abnormal Blood Vessels, Platelet Disorders, Symptoms and Diagnosis of Blood Disorders

Kara C. LaMattina, MD

  • Boston University School of Medicine
  • Boston Medical Center
Uveitis and Related Disorders

Christopher J. LaRosa, MD

  • Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania
  • Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Congenital Kidney Tubular Disorders

Jennie York Law, MD

  • University of Maryland, School of Medicine
  • University of Maryland School of Medicine
Leukemias

Jennifer Le, PharmD, MAS, BCPS-ID, FIDSA, FCCP, FCSHP

  • Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego
Administration and Kinetics of Drugs

Joyce Lee, MD, MAS

  • University of Colorado School of Medicine
Interstitial Lung Diseases, Autoimmune Disorders of the Lungs

Tae Hoon Lee, MD

  • Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
  • James J. Peters VA Medical Center
Fibrosis and Cirrhosis of the Liver

Magda Lenartowicz, MD

  • Altais Health Solutions
  • Providence Hospice LA County
Prevention

John P. Leonard, MD

  • Weill Cornell Medicine
  • New York Presbyterian Hospital
Lymphomas

Michael C. Levin, MD

  • College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan
Diagnosis of Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Related Disorders

Wendy S. Levinbook, MD

  • Hartford Dermatology Associates
Hair Disorders

Andrea R. Levine, MD

  • University of Maryland School of Medicine
Rehabilitation for Lung and Airway Disorders, Pulmonary Hypertension

Shauna M. Levy, MD, MS

  • Tulane University School of Medicine
Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome

James L. Lewis III, MD

  • Brookwood Baptist Health and Saint Vincent’s Ascension Health, Birmingham
  • Nephrology Associates, PC, Birmingham, AL
Electrolyte Balance, Parathyroid Disorders, Water Balance, Acid-Base Balance

Paul L. Liebert, MD

  • Tomah Memorial Hospital, Tomah, WI
Sports Injuries

Jane Liesveld, MD

  • James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center
Myeloproliferative Disorders

Brian Linde, MD, MPH

  • Yale Occ and Env Medicine Program
Environmental and Occupational Lung Diseases

Christina C. Lindenmeyer, MD

  • Cleveland Clinic
  • Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University
Biology of the Liver and Gallbladder

Sunny A. Linnebur, PharmD, BCPS, BCGP

  • Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado
Aging and Medications

James H. Liu, MD

  • Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
Endometriosis

Eve D Losman, MD, MHSA

  • University of Michigan School of Medicine
Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault

Andrew M. Luks, MD

  • University of Washington
  • University of Washington
Altitude Illness

Lawrence R. Lustig, MD

  • Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital
Inner Ear Disorders

Kristle Lee Lynch, MD

  • Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania
  • University of Pennsylvania
Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders

Shalini S. Lynch, PharmD

  • University of California San Francisco School of Pharmacy
Overview of Drugs, Factors Affecting Response to Drugs, Over-the-Counter Drugs

Joanne Lynn, MD, MA, MS

  • The George Washington University Medical Center
Death and Dying

Geetha Maddukuri, MD

  • Saint Louis University
  • VA St Louis Health Care System
Symptoms of Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders

James M. Madsen, MD, MPH

  • University of Florida
  • U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD)
Mass-Casualty Weapons

Mustafa A. Mafraji, MD

  • Rush University Medical Center
Common Imaging Tests

Kenneth Maiese, MD

  • Rutgers University
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Biology of the Nervous System, Coma and Impaired Consciousness

Zubair Malik, MD

  • Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University
  • Temple University Hospital
Bezoars and Foreign Bodies of the Digestive Tract, Malabsorption, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Anna Malkina, MD

  • University of California, San Francisco
Kidney Failure

Brian F. Mandell, MD, PhD

  • Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University
Clinical Research and Medical Decision Making

Rita A. Manfredi, MD

  • George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Death and Dying

Gordon Mao, MD

  • Indiana University School of Medicine
Spinal Injuries, Head Injuries

Chelsea Marie, PhD

  • University of Virginia
Parasitic Infections: Extraintestinal Protozoa, Parasitic Infections: Intestinal Protozoa and Microsporidia, Parasitic Infections: Cestodes (Tapeworms), Parasitic Infections: Nematodes (Roundworms), Parasitic Infections: Trematodes (Flukes), Parasitic Infections: An Overview

Bradley A. Maron, MD

  • University of Maryland School of Medicine
  • The University of Maryland Strategic Partnership
Pulmonary Hypertension

Daphne E. Smith Marsh, PharmD, BC-ADM, CDCES

  • University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy
  • Dept of Pharmacy Practice, UIC College of Pharmacy
Adverse Drug Reactions, Brand-Name and Generic Drugs

Peter Martin, MD

  • Weill Cornell Medicine
Lymphomas

Robert S. McKelvie, MD, PhD

  • Western University
  • McMaster University
Sports and the Heart

Jessica E. McLaughlin, MD

  • Medical University of South Carolina
Biology of the Female Reproductive System

Jay Mehta, MD

  • Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania
  • The Children's Hospital of Pediatrics
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)

Sonia Mehta, MD

  • Vitreoretinal Diseases and Surgery Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University
Retinal Disorders

Joshua S. Mervis, MD

  • Tufts University School of Medicine
Pressure Sores

Kevin Messacar, MD, PhD

  • University of Colorado Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases
Enteroviruses

Denise Millstine, MD

  • Mayo Clinic
Integrative, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine

L. Brent Mitchell, MD

  • Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary
Abnormal Heart Rhythms

Kris M. Mogensen, MS, RD-AP

  • Department of Nutrition, Brigham and Women's Hospital
Nutritional Support

Julie S. Moldenhauer, MD

  • Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
  • The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
Labor and Delivery, Complications of Labor and Delivery, Postpartum Care

Peter J. Moley, MD

  • Hospital for Special Surgery
  • Weill Cornell Medical College
Low Back and Neck Pain

Richard E. Moon, MD

  • Duke University Medical Center
  • Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology
Diving and Compressed Air Injuries

Sheldon R. Morris, MD, MPH

  • University of California San Diego
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Sam P. Most, MD

  • Stanford University Medical Center
Facial Injuries

Christine Moutier, MD

  • American Foundation For Suicide Prevention
Suicidal Behavior and Self-Injury

Jessian L. Muñoz, MD, PhD, MPH

  • Baylor College of Medicine
Normal Pregnancy

David G. Mutch, MD

  • Washington University School of Medicine
Fibroids

Vinod E. Nambudiri, MD, MBA, EdM

  • Harvard Medical School
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Skin Cancers

Edward A. Nardell, MD

  • Harvard Medical School
  • Brigham & Women's Hospital
  • T.H.Chan Harvard School of Public Health
Tuberculosis and Related Infections

Michelle Nessen, MD

  • Tulane University School of Medicine
Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome

Eric Noyes, MD

  • University of Saskatchewan
  • Saskatchewan Movement Disorders Program
Movement Disorders

Frank O'Brien, MD

  • Washington University in St. Louis
  • Washington University School of Medicine
Kidney Filtering Disorders

Adedamola A. Ogunniyi, MD

  • Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
  • David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles
Motion Sickness

Gerald F. O’Malley, DO

  • Grand Strand Regional Medical Center
  • Sidney Kimmel School of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Poisoning, Illicit Drugs and Intoxicants

Rika O’Malley, MD

  • Grand Strand Medical Center
Poisoning, Illicit Drugs and Intoxicants

Victor E. Ortega, MD, PhD

  • Mayo Clinic
  • Mayo Clinic Arizona Center for Individualized Medicine
Asthma

Robert L. Owens, MD

  • University of California San Diego
Sleep Apnea

Quasar S. Padiath, MBBS, PhD

  • University of Pittsburgh
Genetics

Federico E. Parodi, MD

  • University of North Carolina School of Medicine
Aneurysms and Aortic Dissection

Bhakti K. Patel, MD

  • University of Chicago
Respiratory Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Avinash S. Patil, MD

  • University of Arizona College of Medicine
  • Valley Perinatal Services
Medication and Substance Use During Pregnancy

Richard D. Pearson, MD

  • University of Virginia School of Medicine
Parasitic Infections: Extraintestinal Protozoa

Alicia R. Pekarsky, MD

  • State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Upstate Golisano Children's Hospital
  • Upstate Medical University/Golisano Children’s Hospital
Child Neglect and Abuse

Joan Pellegrino, MD

  • Upstate Medical University
Birth Defects of the Bones, Joints, and Muscles, Birth Defects of the Face and Skull

Daniel M. Peraza, MD

  • Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth University
Blistering Diseases

Cory Perugino, DO

  • Harvard Medical School
  • Massachusetts General Hospital
IgG4-Related Disease

Frank Pessler, MD, PhD

  • Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research
Bone Disorders in Children, Connective Tissue Disorders in Children

William A. Petri, Jr, MD, PhD

  • University of Virginia School of Medicine
  • University of Virginia
Parasitic Infections: Extraintestinal Protozoa, Parasitic Infections: Intestinal Protozoa and Microsporidia, Parasitic Infections: Cestodes (Tapeworms), Parasitic Infections: Nematodes (Roundworms), Parasitic Infections: Trematodes (Flukes), Rickettsial and Related Infections, Parasitic Infections: An Overview

Katharine Anne Phillips, MD

  • Weill Cornell Medical College
  • New York-Presbyterian Hospital
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Tania J. Phillips, MD

  • Boston University School of Medicine
Pressure Sores

JoAnn V. Pinkerton, MD

  • University of Virginia Health System
Menopause, Menstrual Disorders and Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding

Michael Joseph Pistoria, MEng, DO

  • Lehigh Valley Hospital - Coordinated Health
Hospital Care

Thaddeus Mason Pope, JD, PhD

  • Mitchell Hamline School of Law
Legal and Ethical Issues

Nina N. Powell-Hamilton, MD

  • Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University
  • Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Overview of Birth Defects, Chromosome and Gene Abnormalities

Pallavi Pradeep, MD

  • University of Chicago
Cholesterol Disorders

Glenn M. Preminger, MD

  • Duke Comprehensive Kidney Stone Center
  • Duke University Medical Center
Stones in the Urinary Tract, Biology of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract, Obstruction of the Urinary Tract

Judith J. Prochaska, PhD, MPH

  • Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University
  • Stanford Health Care
Tobacco Use

Levi D. Procter, MD

  • Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
Low Blood Pressure and Shock

Christopher P. Raab, MD

  • Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University
  • Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Miscellaneous Disorders in Infants and Young Children

Ronald Rabinowitz, MD

  • University of Rochester Medical Center
  • Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong
Birth Defects of the Urinary Tract and Genitals

Najib M Rahman, BMBCh MA (oxon) DPhil

  • University of Oxford
Pleural and Mediastinal Disorders

Alex Rajput, MD

  • University of Saskatchewan
  • Saskatchewan Movement Disorders Program
Movement Disorders

Pedro T. Ramirez, MD

  • Houston Methodist Hospital
Cancers of the Female Reproductive System

Robert W. Rebar, MD

  • Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine
Infertility and Recurrent Miscarriage

Carrie A. Redlich, MD, MPH

  • Yale Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program Yale School of Medicine
  • Department of Environmental Health Sciences Yale School of Public Health
Environmental and Occupational Lung Diseases

Wingfield E. Rehmus, MD, MPH

  • University of British Columbia
  • BC Children’s Hospital, Division of Dermatology
Bacterial Skin Infections

Douglas J. Rhee, MD

  • University Hospitals/Case Western Reserve University
Glaucoma

David Richards, MD

  • University of Colorado School of Medicine
  • Denver Health Medical Center
Drowning

Melvin I. Roat, MD, FACS

  • Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University
  • Wills Eye Hospital
Conjunctival and Scleral Disorders

Malcolm K. Robinson, MD

  • Harvard Medical School
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital
Nutritional Support

Michael Rubin, MDCM

  • New York Presbyterian Hospital-Cornell Medical Center
Craniocervical Junction Disorders, Spinal Cord Disorders, Peripheral Nerve and Related Disorders, Cranial Nerve Disorders, Muscular Dystrophies and Related Disorders

Sean R. Rudnick, MD

  • Wake Forest University School of Medicine
Porphyrias

Thomas M. Ruenger, MD, PhD

  • Georg-August University of Göttingen, Germany
  • Lahey Hospital and Medical Center
Itching and Dermatitis

Daniel P. Runde, MD, MME

  • University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
Electrical and Lightning Injuries

J. Mark Ruscin, PharmD, FCCP, BCPS

  • Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Pharmacy
Aging and Medications

John Safar, DDS, MAGD, ABGD

  • Texas A&M University College of Dentistry
Urgent Dental Problems

Birendra P. Sah, MD, FCCP

  • Upstate Medical University
Sarcoidosis

Yedidya Saiman, MD, PhD

  • Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University
Diagnosis of Liver, Gallbladder, and Biliary Disorders, Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders

Gloria Salvo, MD

  • MD Anderson Cancer Center
Cancers of the Female Reproductive System

Vaishali Sanchorawala, MD

  • Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center
Amyloidosis

Christopher Sanford, MD, MPH, DTM&H

  • University of Washington
Travel and Health

Ravindra Sarode, MD

  • The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
  • The University of Texas Southwestern Clinical Laboratory Services
Biology of Blood, Blood Transfusion

Margot L. Savoy, MD, MPH

  • Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University
  • American Academy of Family Physicians
Immunization

Gregory Sawicki, MD, MPH

  • Harvard Medical School
  • Boston Children's Hospital
Cystic Fibrosis

Bradley A. Schiff, MD

  • Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital of Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Mouth, Nose, and Throat Cancers

Shira A. Schlesinger, MD, MPH

  • Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
  • Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
  • Newport Beach Fire Department
Cardiac Arrest and CPR

Steven Schmitt, MD

  • Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University
  • Cleveland Clinic
Bone and Joint Infections

Richard J. Schwab, MD

  • University of Pennsylvania, Division of Sleep Medicine
  • Penn Sleep Center
Sleep Disorders

Sanjay Sethi, MD

  • University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Acute Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Abscess in the Lungs

Udayan K. Shah, MD, MBA

  • Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University
  • Jefferson Health
Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders in Children

Laura Shane-McWhorter, PharmD

  • University of Utah College of Pharmacy
Dietary Supplements and Vitamins

Michael J. Shea, MD

  • Michigan Medicine at the University of Michigan
Diagnosis of Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders, Biology of the Heart and Blood Vessels, Symptoms of Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders

Patrick J. Shenot, MD

  • Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Disorders of Urination, Penile and Testicular Disorders

Stephen D. Silberstein, MD

  • Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University
Headaches

Michael J. Smith, MD, MSCE

  • Duke University School of Medicine
Vaccination of Children

David Spiegel, MD

  • Stanford University School of Medicine
  • Stanford University School of Medicine
Dissociative Disorders

Aparna Sridhar, MD

  • UCLA Health
Early Pregnancy Disorders

Richard G. Stefanacci, DO, MGH, MBA

  • Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson College of Population Health
Aging and Quality of Life, Gait Disorders in Older Adults, Falls in Older Adults, The Aging Body

Dan J. Stein, MD, PhD

  • University of Cape Town
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Trevor Steinbach, MD

  • University of Colorado
Bronchiectasis and Atelectasis

David R. Steinberg, MD

  • Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
  • University of Pennsylvania
Hand Disorders

Jan J. Stokosa, CP

  • American Prosthetics Institute, Ltd
  • Stokosa Prosthetic Clinic
Limb Prosthetics

Michael B. Streiff, MD

  • Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Bleeding Due to Clotting Disorders, Excessive Clotting, Blood Clotting Process

Tisha Suboc, MD

  • Rush University
Cardiomyopathy

Stephen Brian Sulkes, MD

  • Golisano Children’s Hospital at Strong, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Behavioral Problems in Children, Learning and Developmental Disorders

Rosalyn Sulyanto, DMD, MS

  • Boston Children's Hospital
  • Harvard School of Dental Medicine
Biology of the Mouth and Teeth

Ranya N. Sweis, MD, MS

  • Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
  • Northwestern Medicine - Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute
Coronary Artery Disease

Zeba A. Syed, MD

  • Wills Eye Hospital
  • Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University
Conjunctival and Scleral Disorders

Carol Tamminga, MD

  • UT Southwestern Medical Dallas
Schizophrenia and Related Disorders

David Tanen, MD

  • David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
  • Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
Heat Disorders

Koon K. Teo, MBBCh, PhD

  • McMaster University
Peripheral Arterial Disease

Brenda L. Tesini, MD

  • University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
  • University of Rochester Medical Center
Pox Viruses, Infections in Newborns, Common Viral Infections in Infants and Children, RSV Myths and Misconceptions with Dr. Brenda Tesini

George Thanassoulis, MD, MSc

  • McGill University
  • McGill University Health Center
Atherosclerosis

Danielle Tholey, MD

  • Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University
  • Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Drugs and the Liver, Manifestations of Liver Disease, Tumors of the Liver

Andrea D. Thompson, MD, PhD

  • University of Michigan
Symptoms of Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders

James T. Ubertalli, DMD

  • Hingham, MA
Periodontal Diseases

Nimish Vakil, MD

  • University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease

Philbert Yuan Van, MD

  • US Army Reserve
  • Oregon Health and Science University
Abdominal Injuries

Maria T. Vazquez-Pertejo, MD, FACP

  • Wellington Regional Medical Center
Diagnosis of Infectious Disease

David Vearrier, MD, MPH

  • University of Mississippi Medical Center
  • University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Paschalis Vergidis, MD, MSc

  • Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science
Fungal Infections

M. Cristina Victorio, MD

  • Akron Children's Hospital
  • Northeast Ohio Medical University
Neurocutaneous Syndromes in Children, Neurologic Disorders in Children

Alexandra Villa-Forte, MD, MPH

  • Cleveland Clinic
The Human Body, Symptoms of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Biology of the Musculoskeletal System, Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Vasculitic Disorders

Anthony Villano, MD

  • Fox Chase Cancer Center
Tumors of the Digestive System

Aaron E. Walfish, MD

  • Mount Sinai Medical Center
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)

B. Timothy Walsh, MD

  • College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
  • New York State Psychiatric Institute
Eating Disorders

Andrew W. Walter, MS, MD

  • Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University
  • Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children
Blood Problems in Newborns

Michael R. Wasserman, MD

  • California Association of Long Term Care Medicine
Making the Most of Health Care, Nonspecific Symptoms

James C. Watson, MD

  • Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
Pain

Geoffrey A. Weinberg, MD

  • Golisano Children’s Hospital
  • University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Children, Bacterial Infections in Infants and Children

Thomas G. Weiser, MD, MPH

  • Stanford University School of Medicine
Chest Injuries

Brian J. Werth, PharmD

  • University of Washington School of Pharmacy
Antibiotics

Jayne R. Wilkinson, MD, MSCE

  • University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine
  • VA Medical Center
Gait Disorders in Older Adults, Falls in Older Adults

Robert A. Wise, MD

  • Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center
  • Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Kinanah Yaseen, MD

  • Cleveland Clinic
Joint Disorders, Autoimmune Disorders of Connective Tissue

Kee Kiat Yeo, MD

  • Harvard Medical School
  • Dana-Farber / Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center
Childhood Cancers

William F. Young, Jr, MD, MSc

  • Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Biology of the Endocrine System

Thomas M. Yuill, PhD

  • University of Wisconsin-Madison
Arboviruses, Arenaviruses, Filoviruses

Zhiwei Zhang, MD

  • Loma Linda University School of Medicine
  • VA Loma Linda Healthcare System
Blood Vessel Disorders of the Kidneys

Mark Zimmerman, MD

  • South County Psychiatry
  • Brown University School of Medicine
Personality Disorders