Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders

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Biology of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract

• Overview of the Urinary Tract

• Kidneys
  • Functions of the Kidneys
    • Water and electrolyte balance
    • Filtration and excretion
    • Regulation of blood pressure
    • Secretion of hormones

• Ureters

• Bladder

• Urethra

• Effects of Aging on the Urinary Tract
  • Age-related changes in the kidneys
  • Age-related changes in the ureters
  • Age-related changes in the bladder
  • Age-related changes in the urethra
  • Age-related changes in the prostate gland

Symptoms of Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders

• Overview of Urinary Tract Symptoms

• Blood in Semen
  • Causes
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Blood in Urine
  • Causes
    • Common causes
    • Less common causes
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Changes in Color or Odor of Urine
  • Brown urine
  • Black urine
  • Red urine
  • Cloudy urine
  • Malodorous urine

• Excessive or Frequent Urination
  • Causes
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Essentials for Older Adults
  • Key Points

• Flank Pain
  • Causes
  • Evaluation
  • Treatment

• Gas in Urine

• Pain or Burning With Urination
  • Causes
    • Common causes
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Persistent Erection
  • Ischemic priapism
  • Nonischemic priapism
  • Causes
    • Common causes
    • Less common causes
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Scrotal Pain
  • Causes
    • Common causes
    • Less common causes
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Essentials for Older Adults
  • Key Points

• Scrotal Swelling
  • Causes
    • Common causes
  • Less common causes
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Urinary Hesitating, Straining, and Dribbling

• Urinary Urgency

Diagnosis of Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders

• Evaluation of Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders
  • History
  • Physical Examination
  • Testing

• Urinalysis and Urine Culture

• Kidney Function Tests

• Imaging Tests of the Urinary Tract
  • Plain x-rays
  • Ultrasonography
  • Computed tomography
  • Magnetic resonance imaging
  • Intravenous urography
  • Retrograde urography
  • Percutaneous antegrade urography
  • Cystography and cystourethrography
  • Retrograde urethrography
  • Positron emission tomography
  • Radionuclide scanning
  • Angiography

• Cystoscopy

• Tissue and Cell Sampling
  • Kidney biopsy
  • Bladder biopsy
  • Prostate biopsy
  • Urine cytology

Blood Vessel Disorders of the Kidneys

• Overview of Blood Vessel Disorders of the Kidneys
  • More Information

• Atheroembolic Kidney Disease
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Blockage of the Renal Arteries
  • Causes
    • Fibromuscular dysplasia
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Cortical Necrosis of the Kidneys
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Hypertensive Arteriolar Nephrosclerosis
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Renal Vein Thrombosis
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

Cancers of the Kidney and Genitourinary Tract

• Bladder Cancer
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Kidney Cancer
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Tumors Metastatic to the Kidney

• Penile Cancer
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Prostate Cancer
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
    • Grading
    • Staging
  • Screening
  • Treatment
    • Strategies for treatment
    • Surgery
    • Radiation therapy
    • Focal therapies
    • Hormonal therapy
    • Other medications
    • Follow-up
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancers
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Testicular Cancer
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Urethral Cancer

Cystic Kidney Disorders

• Acquired Kidney Cysts
  • More Information

• Congenital Cystic Dysplasia of the Kidneys
  • More Information

• Medullary Sponge Kidney
  • More Information

• Nephronophthisis and Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
  • Symptoms
  • Complications
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

Dialysis

• Dialysis
  • Types of Dialysis
    • Hemodialysis
    • Peritoneal dialysis
    • Choice of technique
  • Special Considerations
    • Diet
    • Medical considerations
    • Psychosocial considerations
    • Considerations in children
  • More Information

Disorders of Kidney Tubules

• Introduction to Disorders of Kidney Tubules

• Fanconi Syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Liddle Syndrome
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• ArginineVasopressin Resistance
  • Causes
    • Hereditary argininevasopressin resistance
    • Acquired argininevasopressin resistance
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type I
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Renal Glucosuria
  • More Information

• Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
  • Symptoms
    • Types 1 and 2
    • Type 4
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Types 1 and 2
    • Type 4
  • More Information

Disorders of Urination

• Control of Urination

• Interstitial Cystitis
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Neurogenic Bladder
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Urinary Incontinence in Adults
  • Types of Incontinence
  • Causes
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment
    • General measures
    • Urge incontinence
    • Stress incontinence
    • Overflow incontinence
  • Essentials for Older Adults: Urinary Incontinence
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Urinary Retention
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

Kidney Failure

• Overview of Kidney Failure

• Acute Kidney Injury
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
    • Physical examination
    • Blood tests
    • Urine tests
    • Imaging
  • Treatment
    • Dietary measures
    • Medications
    • Dialysis
    • Treament of acute kidney injury caused by obstruction
  • Prognosis

• COVID-19 and Acute Kidney Injury

• Chronic Kidney Disease
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Restricting protein
    • Controlling acidosis
    • Lowering triglyceride levels
    • Restricting sodium and potassium
    • Controlling phosphorus levels
    • Treating complications
    • Treating advanced chronic kidney disease
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Rhabdomyolysis
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

Kidney Filtering Disorders

• Overview of Kidney Filtering Disorders
  • More Information

• Glomerulonephritis
  • Causes
    • Acute glomerulonephritis
    • Chronic glomerulonephritis
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
    • Determining the cause of glomerulonephritis
  • Treatment
    • Acute glomerulonephritis
    • Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
    • Chronic glomerulonephritis
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Nephrotic Syndrome
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
    • Determining the cause of nephrotic syndrome
  • Treatment
    • Treatment of the cause of nephrotic syndrome
    • Medications
    • Dietary management and other measures
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention
  • More Information

• Asymptomatic Proteinuria and Hematuria
  • More Information

• Alport Syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Acute Tubular Necrosis
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
    • Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
    • Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
    • Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis
  • Prognosis

• Reflux Nephropathy
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

Obstruction of the Urinary Tract

• Urinary Tract Obstruction
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
    • Bladder catheterization
    • Imaging tests
    • Endoscopy
    • Blood and urine tests
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

Stones in the Urinary Tract

• Stones in the Urinary Tract
  • Types of stones
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
    • Determining stone type
  • Treatment
    • Pain relief
    • Stone-passing strategies
    • Stone-bypass procedures
    • Stone removal
  • Prevention
    • Calcium stones
    • Uric acid stones
    • Cystine stones
    • Struvite stones

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

• Overview of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
  • Causes
    • Bacteria
    • Viruses
    • Fungi
    • Parasites

• Asymptomatic Bacteriuria

• Bladder Infection
  • Causes
    • Causes of bladder infection in women
    • Causes of bladder infection in men
    • Causes of bladder infection in both sexes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
    • Finding the cause of cystitis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention

• Kidney Infection
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Urethritis
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
    • Complications of Urethritis
  • Diagnosis
  • Prevention and Treatment
  • More Information