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ENGLISH
MERCK MANUAL
Consumer Version
HEALTH TOPICS
HEALTHY LIVING
SYMPTOMS
EMERGENCIES
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HEALTH TOPICS
HEALTHY LIVING
SYMPTOMS
EMERGENCIES
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Lung and Airway Disorders
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Lung and Airway Disorders
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Biology of the Lungs and Airways
Overview of the Respiratory System
Chest Cavity
Exchanging Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Control of Breathing
Respiratory muscles
Defense Mechanisms of the Respiratory System
Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System
Symptoms of Lung Disorders
Overview of Symptoms of Lung Disorders
Clubbing
Cough in Adults
Causes
Common causes
Less common causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Cough suppressants
Expectorants
Other medications
Other treatments
Key Points
Coughing Up Blood
Causes
Common causes
Less common causes
Massive hemoptysis
Risk factors
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Cyanosis
Shortness of Breath
Causes
Lung disorders
Heart failure
Anemia
Other causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Stridor
Wheezing
Causes
Common causes
Less common causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Diagnosis of Lung Disorders
Introduction to Diagnosis of Lung Disorders
Medical History and Physical Examination for Lung Disorders
Medical History
Physical Examination
Overview of Tests for Lung Disorders
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis and Pulse Oximetry
Arterial blood gas measurement
Pulse oximetry
Bronchoscopy
Procedures Done With Bronchoscopy
Chest Imaging
Chest X-Rays
Computed Tomography (CT) of the Chest
Computed Tomography (CT) Angiography of the Chest
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Chest
Ultrasonography of the Chest
Nuclear Lung Scanning
Pulmonary Artery Angiography
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Chest Tube Insertion
Exercise Testing
Six-minute walk test
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing
Mediastinoscopy and Mediastinotomy
Needle Biopsy of the Pleura or Lung
Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT)
Lung flow rate measurements
Lung volume measurement
Flow rate testing
Muscle strength assessment
Diffusing capacity measurement
Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV)
Suctioning
Thoracentesis
Thoracoscopy
Thoracotomy
Abscess in the Lungs
Abscess in the Lungs
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute Bronchitis
Acute Bronchitis
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Asthma
Asthma
Causes
Asthma triggers
Eosinophilic asthma
Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome
Symptoms
Symptoms of an asthma attack
Classification
Asthma severity
Status asthmaticus
Asthma control
Impairment
Risk
Diagnosis
Identifying asthma triggers with allergy testing
Evaluating an asthma attack
Diagnosing asthma in older people
Treatment
Monitoring Asthma at Home
Treating Asthma Attacks
Preventing Asthma Attacks
Prognosis
More Information
Drugs for Preventing and Treating Asthma
Beta-Adrenergic Drugs
Short-acting beta-adrenergic drugs
Long-acting beta-adrenergic drugs
Ultra–long-acting beta-adrenergic drugs
Taking inhaled beta-adrenergic drugs
Anticholinergic Drugs
Leukotriene Modifiers
Mast Cell Stabilizers
Corticosteroids
Immunomodulators
Methylxanthines
Other Drugs Used to Prevent and Treat Asthma
More Information
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Autoimmune Disorders of the Lungs
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Goodpasture Syndrome
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Bronchiectasis and Atelectasis
Bronchiectasis
Complications
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
More Information
Atelectasis
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment of complications
Prevention
More Information
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Causes
Symptoms
Early COPD
Progression of COPD
COPD flare-up
Complications of COPD
Diagnosis
Tests of lung function
Other tests
Testing in COPD flare-ups
Treatment
Treatment of symptoms
Treatment of flare-ups
Oxygen therapy
Pulmonary rehabilitation
Other treatments
Prognosis and End-of-Life Issues
More Information
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Emphysema
Liver damage
Panniculitis
Environmental and Occupational Lung Diseases
Overview of Environmental and Occupational Lung Disease
Prevention
More Information
Air Pollution–Related Illness
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
More Information
Building-Related Illnesses
Specific building-related illnesses
Nonspecific building-related symptoms
Diagnosis
History and clinical evaluation
Building or workplace evaluation
Treatment
More Information
Byssinosis
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Work-Related Asthma
Sensitizer-induced occupational asthma
Irritant exposure and reactive airways dysfunction syndrome
Work-exacerbated asthma
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Work-exacerbated asthma
Treatment
Prevention
Irritant Gas Inhalation Injury
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Overview of Asbestos-Related Disorders
Asbestosis
Risk factors
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Mesothelioma
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Asbestos-Related Pleural Disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
Silicosis
Causes
Symptoms
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
More Information
Coal Worker Pneumoconiosis
Causes
Symptoms
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Beryllium Disease
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Interstitial Lung Diseases
Overview of Interstitial Lung Diseases
Diagnosis
Overview of Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute Interstitial Pneumonia
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Idiopathic Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Respiratory Bronchiolitis–Associated Interstitial Lung Disease and Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Drug-Induced Pulmonary Disease
Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Löffler syndrome
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pleural and Mediastinal Disorders
Overview of Pleural and Mediastinal Disorders
Mediastinal Masses
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Mediastinitis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pleural Effusion
Types of fluid
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Effusions caused by pneumonia
Effusions caused by cancers
Chylothorax
Pleural Fibrosis and Calcification
Postinflammatory pleural fibrosis
Asbestos-related pleural disease
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pneumomediastinum
Pneumothorax
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Recurring pneumothorax
Viral Pleuritis
Pneumonia
Overview of Pneumonia
Causes
Categories of pneumonia
Risk factors for pneumonia
Symptoms
Complications of pneumonia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Antibiotics
Antiviral and antifungal medications
Home versus hospital care
Prevention
Vaccines to prevent pneumonia
More Information
Aspiration Pneumonia and Chemical Pneumonitis
Aspiration Pneumonia
Chemical Pneumonitis
Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Causes
Bacterial causes of pneumonia
Viral causes of pneumonia
Fungal causes of pneumonia
Parasites that cause pneumonia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Vaccines to prevent pneumonia
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
Risk Factors
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
End-of-life issues in serious pneumonia
Prognosis
Pneumonia in People With a Weakened Immune System
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
Causes
Unusual types of emboli
Symptoms
Pulmonary infarction
Recurring emboli
Diagnosis
Tests that suggest pulmonary embolism
Tests to diagnose pulmonary embolism
Tests for serious or recurring emboli
Treatment
Anticoagulation
Thrombolytic therapy
Physical measures
Prognosis
Prevention
Anticoagulation for pulmonary embolism
Physical measures
Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary Hypertension
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Portopulmonary Hypertension
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment
Rehabilitation for Lung and Airway Disorders
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Enrollment and Goal Setting
Components of Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Exercise training
Inspiratory muscle training
Psychosocial counseling
Nutritional evaluation and counseling
Medication use and education
Oxygen Therapy
When oxygen is used
Oxygen delivery systems
Oxygen administration
Chest Physical Therapy
Postural drainage
Suctioning
Breathing exercises
Respiratory Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Respiratory Failure
Causes
Low oxygen level (hypoxemic respiratory failure)
High carbon dioxide level (hypercarbic respiratory failure)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Mechanical Ventilation
Alternatives
Complications
Stopping Mechanical Ventilation
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis
Löfgren syndrome
Heerfordt syndrome
Blau syndrome
Symptoms
General
Lungs
Skin
Liver and spleen
Eyes
Heart
Joints, muscles, and bones
Nervous system
High calcium levels
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Sleep Apnea
Sleep Apnea
Types of Sleep Apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea in children
Central sleep apnea
Symptoms
Obstructive sleep apnea
Central sleep apnea
Obesity-hypoventilation syndrome
Diagnosis
Treatment
Obstructive sleep apnea
Central sleep apnea
More Information
Tumors of the Lungs
Overview of Lung Tumors
Noncancerous lung tumors
Lung Cancer
Causes
Symptoms
Complications of lung cancer
Diagnosis
Imaging
Microscopic examination
Genetic testing
Staging
Screening for lung cancer
Prevention
Treatment
Surgery for lung cancer
Radiation therapy for lung cancer
Chemotherapy for lung cancer
Targeted therapies for lung cancer
Laser and ablation therapy for lung cancer
Other treatments
Prognosis
More Information
Airway Tumors
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
More Information
Bronchial Carcinoid
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Chest Wall Tumors
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
More Information