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Toxin	Antidote
Acetaminophen	N-Acetylcysteine
Anticholinergics	Physostigmine*
Anticoagulants, oral factor Xa inhibitors (apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban)	Andexanet alfa
Benzodiazepines	Flumazenil*
Black widow spider bite	Lactrodectus antivenom
Botulism	Botulinum antitoxin
Beta-blockers	Glucagon IV lipid emulsion
Calcium channel blockers	Calcium IV insulin in high doses with IV glucose IV lipid emulsion
Carbamates	Atropine Pralidoxime chloride
Crotaline snake bites (US)	Crotalinae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine)
Cyanide	Hydroxocobalamin Cyanide antidote kit (includes amyl nitrate, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate)
Dabigatran	Idarucizumab
Digitalis glycosides (eg, digoxin, digitoxin, oleander, foxglove)	Digoxin-specific Fab fragments
Ethylene glycol	Fomepizole Ethanol
Heavy metals	Chelating drugs (see table Guidelines for Chelation Therapy)
Ionizing radiation	Potassium iodide
Iron	Deferoxamine
Isoniazid	Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)
Methanol	Fomepizole Ethanol
Methemoglobin-forming agents (eg, aniline dyes, some local anesthetics, nitrates, nitrites, phenacetin, sulfonamides)	Methylene blue
Methotrexate	Leucovorin (folinic acid) Glucarpidase (carboxypeptidase-G2)
Opioids	Naloxone
Organophosphates	Atropine Pralidoxime
Scorpion envenomation (Centruroides sp)	Centruroides immune F(ab’)2
Sulfonylurea	Octreotide
Thallium	Prussian blue
Tricyclic antidepressants	Sodium bicarbonate
Unfractionated heparin	Protamine
Valproic acid	L-Carnitine†
Warfarin	Vitamin K Fresh frozen plasma Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC)
* Use is controversial.
† There is limited evidence for the efficacy of L-carnitine as a general antidote for acute valproic acid overdose. However, L-carnitine is likely to be safe and it is reasonable to consider using it in patients with decreased level of consciousness.
Fab = fractionated antibodies.