Manifestations of Focal-Onset Seizures by Site
Focal Manifestation | Site of Dysfunction |
|---|---|
Bilateral tonic posture | Frontal lobe (supplementary motor cortex) |
Simple movements (eg, limb twitching, jacksonian march) | Contralateral frontal lobe |
Head and eye deviation with posturing | Supplementary motor cortex |
Abnormal taste sensation (dysgeusia) | Insula |
Visceral or autonomic abnormalities (eg, epigastric aura, salivation) | Insular-orbital-frontal cortex |
Olfactory hallucinations | Anteromedial temporal lobe |
Chewing movements, salivation, speech arrest | Amygdala, opercular region |
Complex behavioral automatisms | Temporal lobe |
Unusual behavior suggesting a psychiatric cause or sleep disorder | Frontal lobe |
Visual hallucinations (formed images) | Posterior temporal lobe or amygdala-hippocampus |
Localized sensory disturbances (eg, tingling or numbness of a limb or half the body) | Parietal lobe (sensory cortex) |
Visual hallucinations (unformed images) | Occipital lobe |