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Mechanism	Examples
Narrow margin of safety†	Antiarrhythmic drugs (eg, quinidine)Antiarrhythmic drugs (eg, quinidine) Antineoplastic drugs (eg, methotrexate)Antineoplastic drugs (eg, methotrexate) DigoxinDigoxin LithiumLithium TheophyllineTheophylline WarfarinWarfarin
Extensive metabolism by certain hepatic enzymes	AlprazolamAlprazolam AmitriptylineAmitriptyline AtorvastatinAtorvastatin CarbamazepineCarbamazepine ClozapineClozapine Corticosteroids CyclosporineCyclosporine DiazepamDiazepam HIV protease inhibitors ImipramineImipramine LovastatinLovastatin MidazolamMidazolam OlanzapineOlanzapine PhenytoinPhenytoin SildenafilSildenafil SimvastatinSimvastatin TacrolimusTacrolimus TadalafilTadalafil TheophyllineTheophylline TriazolamTriazolam VardenafilVardenafil WarfarinWarfarin
Inhibition of certain hepatic enzymes‡	AprepitantAprepitant Boceprevir CimetidineCimetidine CiprofloxacinCiprofloxacin ClarithromycinClarithromycin CobicistatCobicistat ConivaptanConivaptan DiltiazemDiltiazem ErythromycinErythromycin FluconazoleFluconazole FluoxetineFluoxetine FluvoxamineFluvoxamine ItraconazoleItraconazole KetoconazoleKetoconazole ParoxetineParoxetine PosaconazolePosaconazole RitonavirRitonavir Telaprevir Telithromycin VerapamilVerapamil VoriconazoleVoriconazole
Induction of certain hepatic enzymes	Barbiturates (eg, phenobarbital)Barbiturates (eg, phenobarbital) BosentanBosentan CarbamazepineCarbamazepine EfavirenzEfavirenz PhenytoinPhenytoin RifabutinRifabutin RifampinRifampin St. John’s wort
* Any medication to be used concurrently with one of these medications should be thoroughly evaluated for possible interactions. † Even when used alone, these medications may have serious adverse effects. Concurrent use of another medication that increases the action of these medications further increases risk of adverse effects. For additional research on potential drug-drug interactions, consult a reliable source, such as the Drugs.com Drug Interaction Checker. ‡ Inhibition also can occur after ingestion of grapefruit products.