Circadian rhythm sleep disorders are caused by desynchronization between internal sleep-wake rhythms and the light-darkness cycle. Patients typically have insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, or both, which typically resolve as the body clock realigns itself. Diagnosis is clinical. Treatment depends on the cause.
(See also Approach to the Patient With a Sleep or Wakefulness Disorder.)
In circadian rhythm disorders, endogenous sleep-wake rhythms (body clock) and the external light-darkness cycle become misaligned (desynchronized). The cause may be internal (eg, delayed or advanced sleep phase syndrome) or external (eg, jet lag, shift work). Circadian rhythm sleep disorders may occur in patients with Alzheimer disease or Parkinson disease and in patients who have had head trauma or encephalitis.
If the cause is external, other circadian body rhythms, including temperature and hormone secretion, can become out of sync with the light-darkness cycle (external desynchronization) and with one another (internal desynchronization); in addition to insomnia and excessive sleepiness, these alterations may cause nausea, malaise, irritability, and depression. Risk of cardiovascular (1) and metabolic disorders (2) may also be increased.
Repetitive circadian shifts (eg, due to frequent long-distance travel or rotating shift work) are particularly difficult to adapt to, especially when the shifts change in a counterclockwise direction. Counterclockwise shifts are those that shift awakening and sleeping times earlier (eg, when flying eastward, when rotating shifts from nights to evenings or days). Symptoms resolve over several days or, in some patients (eg, older patients), over a few weeks or months, as rhythms readjust. Because light is a strong synchronizer of circadian rhythms, exposure to bright light (sunlight or artificial light of 5,000 to 10,000 lux intensity) after the desired awakening time and the use of sunglasses to decrease light exposure before the desired bedtime speed readjustment. before bedtime may help.
Patients with circadian rhythm disorders often misuse alcohol, hypnotics, and stimulants.
Circadian rhythm disorders include the following:
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, jet lag type (jet lag disorder)
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, shift work type (shift work disorder)
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, altered sleep phase types
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, jet lag type (jet lag disorder)
Jet lag disorder is caused by rapid travel across > 2 time zones. Eastward travel (advancing the sleep cycle) causes more severe symptoms than westward travel (delaying sleep).
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, shift work type (shift work disorder)
Severity of symptoms is proportional to the
Frequency of shift changes
Magnitude of each change
Number of consecutive nights worked
Length of shifts
Frequency of counterclockwise (sleep advancing) changes
Fixed-shift work (ie, full-time night or evening) is preferable biologically; rotating shifts should go clockwise (ie, day to evening to night). However, even fixed-shift workers have difficulties because daytime noise and light interfere with sleep quality, and workers often shorten sleep times to participate in social or family events.
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, altered sleep phase types
In these syndromes, patients have normal sleep quality and duration with a 24-hour circadian rhythm cycle, but the cycle is out of sync with desired or necessary wake times. Less commonly, the cycle is not 24 hours, and patients awaken and sleep earlier or later each day. If able to follow their natural cycle, patients have no symptoms.
Delayed sleep phase syndrome: Patients consistently go to sleep and awaken late (eg, 3 AM and 10 AM). This pattern is more common during adolescence than in adulthood. If required to awaken earlier for work or school, excessive daytime sleepiness results; patients often present because school performance is poor or they miss morning classes. They can be distinguished from people who stay up late by choice because they cannot fall asleep earlier even if they try. Mild phase delay (<
Advanced sleep phase syndrome: This syndrome (early to bed and early to rise) is more common among older adults and responds to treatment with bright light in the evening and light-preventing goggles in the morning.
Non–24-hour sleep-wake syndrome: Much less common, this syndrome is characterized by a free-running sleep-wake rhythm. The sleep-wake cycle commonly remains constant in length but is >
References
1. Chellappa SL, Vujovic N, Williams JS, Scheer FAJL. Impact of circadian disruption on cardiovascular function and disease Trends Endocrinol Metab 30(10):767-779, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.07.008
2. Depner CM, Stothard ER, Wright KP Jr. Metabolic consequences of sleep and circadian disorders. Curr Diab Rep 14(7):507, 2014 . doi: 10.1007/s11892-014-0507-z
