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MERCK MANUAL
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HEALTH TOPICS
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Eye Disorders
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Eye Disorders
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Biology of the Eyes
Structure and Function of the Eyes
Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Vessels of the Eyes
Protective Features of the Eyes
Effects of Aging on the Eyes
Symptoms of Eye Disorders
Blurred Vision
Causes
Common causes
Less common causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Essentials for Older Adults
Key Points
Bulging Eyes
Causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Double Vision
Causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Eye Flashes and Floaters
Causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Eye Pain
Causes
Common causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Eye Redness
Causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Eyelid Swelling
Causes
Common causes
Less common causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Sudden Vision Loss
Causes
Common causes
Less common causes
Evaluation
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Unequal Pupils
Causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Watery Eyes
Causes
Evaluation
Warning signs
When to see a doctor
What the doctor does
Testing
Treatment
Essentials for Older People
Key Points
Other Eye Symptoms
Impaired Depth Perception
Glare and Halos
Night Blindness
Color Blindness
Light Sensitivity
Itchy Eyes
Dry Eyes
Changes in the Appearance of the Eyes
Diagnosis of Eye Disorders
The Eye Examination
Refraction
Visual Field Testing
Color Vision Testing
Ophthalmoscopy
Slit-Lamp Examination
Tonometry
Tests for Eye Disorders
Angiography
Electroretinography
Ultrasound
Pachymetry
Optical Coherence Tomography
Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Cataract
Cataract
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Surgery
Recovery
Complications
Prevention
Conjunctival and Scleral Disorders
Overview of Conjunctival and Scleral Disorders
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Episcleritis
Treatment
Infectious Conjunctivitis
Causes
Viruses
Bacteria
Other causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conjunctivitis caused by bacteria
Conjunctivitis caused by viruses
Prognosis
Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pinguecula and Pterygium
Pinguecula
Pterygium
Scleritis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Trachoma
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Corneal Disorders
Introduction to Corneal Disorders
Bullous Keratopathy
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cogan Syndrome
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Corneal Transplantation
Corneal Transplantation Procedures
Complications of Corneal Transplantation
Corneal Limbal Stem Cell Transplantation
Corneal Ulcer
Causes
Symptoms
Complications of corneal ulcer
Diagnosis
Treatment
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Interstitial Keratitis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Keratoconus
Treatment
Keratomalacia
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Superficial Punctate Keratitis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Eyelid and Tearing Disorders
Overview of the Eyelids and Tears
Blepharitis
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Blepharospasm
Canaliculitis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chalazion and Stye (Hordeolum)
Symptoms
Chalazion
Stye (hordeolum)
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chalazion
Stye (hordeolum)
Dacryocystitis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Dacryostenosis
Congenital dacryostenosis
Acquired dacryostenosis
Entropion and Ectropion
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Eyelid Growths
Xanthelasma
Basal cell carcinoma of the eye
Other cancerous growths of the eyelids
Trichiasis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Eye Socket Disorders
Introduction to Eye Socket Disorders
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Inflammation of the Orbit
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Orbital Cellulitis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Preseptal Cellulitis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tumors of the Orbit
Glaucoma
Glaucoma
Types of glaucoma
Symptoms
Open-angle glaucoma
Closed-angle glaucoma
Diagnosis
Screening
Treatment
Medications
Surgery
Secondary glaucoma
More Information
Optic Nerve Disorders
Overview of Optic Nerve Disorders
Compressive Optic Neuropathy
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hereditary Optic Nerve Disorders
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Nutritional and Toxic Optic Neuropathies
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Optic Neuritis
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Papilledema
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Refractive Disorders
Overview of Refractive Disorders
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Corrective Lenses
Eyeglasses
Contact Lenses
Rigid contact lenses
Scleral contact lenses
Soft contact lenses
Care and complications of contact lenses
Surgery for Refractive Errors
Types of refractive surgery
Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)
Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)
Other Refractive Surgery
Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE)
Phakic intraocular lenses (IOLs)
Corneal inlays
Clear lensectomy
Intracorneal ring segments (INTACS)
Radial keratotomy and astigmatic keratotomy
Retinal Disorders
Overview of Retinal Disorders
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD or ARMD)
Causes
Types
Symptoms
Dry AMD
Wet AMD
Diagnosis
Treatment
Dietary supplements
Medications and laser procedures
Adjusting to vision loss
More Information
Blockage of Central Retinal Arteries and Branch Retinal Arteries
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
More Information
Blockage of Central Retinal Veins and Branch Retinal Veins
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
More Information
Cancers Affecting the Retina
Choroidal melanoma
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Choroidal metastases
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Detachment of the Retina
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
More Information
Diabetic Retinopathy
Symptoms
Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
More Information
Epiretinal Membrane
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
More Information
Uveitis and Related Disorders
Uveitis
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Endophthalmitis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Sympathetic Ophthalmia
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
