Non-compaction cardiomyopathy is a congenital disorder of the myocardium that causes cardiomyopathy, a variety of arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and an increased risk of sudden death. Diagnosis includes ECG, cardiac imaging, and genetic testing. Treatment is usually an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), antiarrhythmic medications, and standard measures for heart failure.
(See also Overview of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathies and Overview of Arrhythmias.)
Non-compaction cardiomyopathy is a rare cardiomyopathy resulting from failure of the embryonic ventricular myocardial compaction process, such that the ventricular myocardium consists of an outer layer of normally compact myocardium and an inner non-compacted layer that has retained embryonal characteristics (1). The inner layer is spongy and markedly trabeculated with deep intertrabecular recesses usually most prominent at the left ventricular apex, then elsewhere in the left ventricle, and least commonly in the right ventricle. Although there are likely acquired cases, most cases result from inherited mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, or mitochondrial proteins. Inherited cases are most commonly autosomal dominant or X-linked.
In non-compaction cardiomyopathy, the disordered myocardial architecture and associated microvascular abnormalities lead to myocardial fibrosis. The fibrosis predisposes to both systolic and diastolic heart failure and to ventricular tachyarrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and sudden death. The deep intertrabecular recesses produce areas of blood flow stasis predisposing to thromboembolic events, including stroke. Some forms also are associated with atrial tachyarrhythmias (eg, atrial fibrillation, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome), conduction system blocks, early repolarization, long QT interval syndrome, other congenital heart disorders, or skeletal muscular dystrophies.
General reference
1. Filho DCS, do Rêgo Aquino PL, et al: Left Ventricular Noncompaction: New Insights into a Poorly Understood Disease. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2021;17(2):209-216. doi: 10.2174/1573403X16666200716151015
Symptoms and Signs of Non-Compaction Cardiomyopathy
Patients may be asymptomatic.
Initial symptoms are usually those of heart failure (eg, exertional dyspnea, fatigue, peripheral edema), although some patients present with symptoms of conduction blocks and/or arrhythmias, including palpitations and/or syncope, or sometimes cardiac arrest. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias may be triggered by exercise.
Diagnosis of Non-Compaction Cardiomyopathy
Cardiac imaging (eg, echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging with late gadolinium enhancement)
Genetic testing
Screening of first-degree relatives
Diagnosis of non-compaction cardiomyopathy is suspected in patients with manifestations of arrhythmias or conduction disorders in whom standard evaluation (eg, echocardiography) discloses ventricular wall abnormalities, including hypertrophy, distinct layers, and deep trabeculae. However, it is frequently difficult to distinguish the findings in non-compaction cardiomyopathy from normal variations, particularly in patients with physiological or pathological left ventricular hypertrophy, those with other cardiomyopathies, and pregnant patients. Cardiac MRI with late gadolinium enhancement is usually also done and is more sensitive.
Each imaging technique uses measurement cutoff criteria to enhance discrimination. Several different consensus criteria (eg, by echocardiography [1, 2] or by MRI [3]) have been developed to facilitate diagnosis. Patients with significant levels of myocardial fibrosis have a worse prognosis.
ECG and ambulatory cardiac rhythm monitoring are done to assess current rhythm status and are repeated annually to guide antiarrhythmic medication or device therapies.
Patients with findings suggestive of the disorder should have genetic testing.
First-degree family members of patients should have clinical evaluation (ie, to detect symptoms suggestive of arrhythmia, and/or heart failure), ECG, and echocardiography initially and repeated every 1 to 3 years. Genetic testing is done if the index case has a mutation identified. Family members who are not carriers of that mutation do not require ongoing testing.
Diagnosis references
1. Chin TK, Perloff JK, Williams RG, et al: Isolated noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium. A study of eight cases. Circulation 82(2):507–513, 1990. doi:10.1161/01.cir.82.2.507
2. Jenni R, Oechslin E, Schneider J, et al: Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy. Heart 86(6):666–671, 2001. doi: 10.1136/heart.86.6.666
3. Petersen SE, Selvanayagam JB, Wiesmann F, et al: Left ventricular non-compaction: Insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 46(1);101–105, 2005. doi 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.03.045
Treatment of Non-Compaction Cardiomyopathy
Moderation of physical activity
Sometimes an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
Usually a beta-blocker
Heart failure therapy (including transplantation) as required
Sometimes chronic anticoagulation
Patients with non-compaction cardiomyopathy should avoid athletic exertion because such activities foster life-threatening arrhythmias.
Prevention of sudden death is by an ICD (see also table Indications for an ICD. An ICD is recommended for patients with (1)
Prior ventricular tachycardia with syncope
Resuscitated cardiac arrest
Severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction < 35%)
Placement of an ICD may also be useful (class IIa recommendation) for patients with lamin A/C cardiomyopathy who have (1)
Both nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
Beta-blockers and other antiarrhythmic medications are used to treat tachyarrhythmias as they occur.
Anticoagulation is used for patients with atrial fibrillation or stroke who meet standard criteria (see also table CHA2DS2-VASc Score). A recent Heart Rhythm Society consensus statement (1) indicates antithrombotic therapy may also be useful (class IIa recommendation) in patients with evidence of ventricular dysfunction and/or trabecular thrombi.
Standard measures for treatment of heart failure are used as required (see also Treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy).
Treatment reference
1. Towbin, JA, McKenna WJ, Abrams DJ, et al: 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 16:e301–e372, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
Key Points
Non-compaction cardiomyopathy is a genetic cardiac disorder that causes heart failure, arrhythmias, heart blocks, and thromboembolic disease.
Diagnosis is based on clinical factors, arrhythmias, cardiac imaging, and genetic testing.
First-degree family members have a significant risk of disease and require screening.
Treatment may require an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), antiarrhythmic medications, anticoagulation, and/or heart failure medications.
