Geriatrics

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Approach to the Geriatric Patient

• Introduction to Geriatrics
  • General references
  • Aging
  • More Information

• Physical Changes With Aging
  • General reference
  • Exercise in Older Adults
    • Medications and exercise
    • General references

• Overview of Evaluation of the Older Adult
  • Multiple disorders
  • Missed or delayed diagnosis
  • Polypharmacy
  • Caregiver problems

• History-Taking in the Older Adult
  • Interview
  • Medical History
  • Medication History
  • Alcohol, Smoking, and Inappropriate Drug Use History
  • Nutrition History
  • Mental Health History
  • Functional Status
  • Social History
  • Advance Directives
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Physical Examination of the Older Adult
  • Vital Signs
    • Vital signs references
  • Skin and Nails
  • Head and Neck
    • Face
    • Nose
    • Eyes
    • Ears
    • Mouth
    • Temporomandibular joint
    • Neck
    • Head and neck reference
  • Chest and Back
    • Breasts
    • Heart
  • Gastrointestinal System
  • Male Reproductive System
  • Female Reproductive System
  • Musculoskeletal System
  • Feet
  • Neurologic System
    • Cranial nerves
    • Motor function
    • Muscle strength
    • Coordination
    • Gait and posture
    • Reflexes
    • Sensation
    • Mental status
  • Nutritional Status
  • Key Points

• Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment
  • General references
  • Assessment Domains
  • More Information

Aging and Quality Of Life

• Quality of Life in Older Adults
  • Health-Related Quality of Life
    • Influences
  • Assessment of Quality of Life
    • Barriers to assessment
    • Method
    • Assessment references

• Therapeutic Objectives in Older Adults

Pharmacologic Therapy in Older Adults

• Overview of Pharmacologic Therapy in Older Adults
  • References

• Pharmacokinetics in Older Adults
  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Hepatic metabolism
  • Renal elimination

• Pharmacodynamics in Older Adults

• Medication-Related Problems in Older Adults
  • References
  • Reasons for Medication-Related Problems
    • Drug-disease interactions
    • Drug-drug interactions
    • Inadequate monitoring
    • Inappropriate medication selection
    • Lack of patient adherence
    • Overdosage
    • Poor communication
    • Underprescribing
    • References
  • Prevention
    • Before starting a new medication
    • After starting a medication
    • Ongoing

• Drug Categories of Concern in Older Adults
  • Analgesics
  • Anticoagulants
  • Antidepressants
  • Antihyperglycemics
  • Antihypertensives
  • Antiparkinsonian drugs
  • Antipsychotics
  • Anxiolytics and hypnotics
  • Digoxin
  • Diuretics
  • References

Elder Abuse

• Elder Abuse
  • References
  • Risk Factors
    • Risk factors reference
  • Diagnosis
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Laboratory tests
    • Documentation
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Intervention
    • Nursing and social work issues
    • Reporting
    • Caregiver issues
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference
  • Prevention

Falls in Older Adults

• Falls in Older Adults
  • References
  • Etiology
    • Intrinsic factors
    • Extrinsic factors
    • Situational factors
    • Complications
    • Etiology references
  • Evaluation
    • History and physical examination
    • Performance tests
    • Laboratory tests
    • Evaluation references
  • Prevention
    • Physical therapy and exercise
    • Assistive devices
    • Medical management
    • Environmental and situational management
    • Prevention references
  • Key Points
  • More Information

Gait Disorders in Older Adults

• Gait Disorders in Older Adults
  • Normal Age-Related Changes in Gait
  • Abnormal Changes in Gait
    • Causes
    • Manifestations
    • Abnormal changes in gait references
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Gait assessment
    • Testing
  • Treatment
    • Strength training
    • Balance training
    • Nordic walking
    • Assistive devices
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention
    • Prevention references

The Older Driver

• Overview of the Older Driver
  • Statistics
  • Assessment
  • References
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Functional Assessment of the Older Driver
  • Visual Function
  • Motor Function
  • Cognitive Function
    • References
  • More Information

• Medical Assessment of the Older Driver
  • Therapeutic Medications
  • Falls
  • Cardiac Disorders
  • Neurologic Disorders
  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Sleep Disorders
  • References
  • More Information

• Interventions With the Older Driver
  • Driving Rehabilitation Programs
  • Driving Cessation
  • Reporting
    • Reference
  • More Information
    • Resources for clinicians
    • Resources for patients and caregivers

Prevention of Disease and Disability in Older Adults

• Overview of Prevention in Older Adults
  • General preventive measures
  • More information

• Prevention of Disease in Older Adults
  • Primary and Secondary Prevention
    • Screening
    • Screening references
  • Tertiary Prevention
    • Arthritis
    • Osteoporosis
    • Diabetes
    • Vascular disorders
    • Heart failure
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • More Information

• Prevention of Frailty

• Prevention of Injuries in Older Adults
  • Falls
  • Driving hazards
  • Home hazards

• Prevention of Iatrogenic Complications in Older Adults
  • Risk Factors
    • Multiple chronic diseases
    • Multiple physicians
    • Multiple medications ( polypharmacy) and inappropriate medications
    • Hospitalization
  • Interventions
    • Care management
    • Geriatric interdisciplinary team
    • Pharmacist consultation
    • Acute and emergency care for the elderly units
    • Advance directives

• Prevention of Psychosocial Problems in Older Adults

Providing Care to Older Adults

• Overview of Geriatric Care
  • Health care settings
  • Geriatric Interdisciplinary Teams
    • Patient, family member, and caregiver participation
  • References

• Home Health Care
  • Reimbursement for home health care
  • Home health care alternatives to inpatient care
  • References

• Community-Based Adult Day Services
  • Reimbursement for day care
  • Reference

• Respite Care
  • More Information

• Hospital Care and Older Adults
  • Emergency Department Care
    • Communication among health care professionals
    • Disposition
    • Emergency department care references
  • Hospitalization
    • Improving outcomes
    • Hospitalization references
    • Adverse Drug Effects
    • Bed Rest Effects
    • Falls
    • Incontinence
    • Mental Status Changes
    • Pressure Injuries
    • Undernutrition
    • Transitions of Care
    • Discharge Planning and Transfers

• Skilled Nursing Facilities
  • General reference
  • Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Nursing Home Care
    • COVID-19 pandemic and nursing homes reference
  • Supervision of Care
    • Supervision of care references
  • Hospitalization
  • Costs
    • Costs reference
  • Problems Related to Reimbursement
  • Nursing Home Placement
  • Selection of Nursing Home
    • Selection reference
  • More Information

• Residential Care
  • Board-and-Care Facilities
  • Assisted-Living Facilities
    • Assisted-living reference
  • Life-Care Communities

• Programs of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE)

• Pharmacists and Older Adults
  • Patient adherence
  • Settings

Social Issues in Older Adults

• Introduction to Social Issues in Older Adults

• Family Caregiving for Older Adults
  • Effects of caregiving
  • References
  • More Information

• Older Adults Living Alone
  • References

• Self–Neglect in Older Adults

• Alternative Living Arrangements for Older Adults
  • Consideration of homosexual or transgender older adults
  • References

• Effects of Life Transitions on Older Adults
  • References
  • More Information

• Intimacy and Older Adults

• Religion and Spirituality in Older Adults
  • Benefits
    • Psychological benefits
    • Health-promoting practices
    • Social benefits
    • Caregivers
    • References
  • Harmful Effects
  • The Role of Health Care Professionals
    • Spiritual history
    • Referral to clergy
    • Support of patients’ religious beliefs and practices