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Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Classification Based on Mechanisms of Outflow Obstruction*

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Mechanism	Examples
Anterior (pulling mechanism)
Contracture of membranes	Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome Neovascular glaucoma Posterior polymorphous dystrophy Surgery (eg, corneal transplant) Trauma (penetrating and nonpenetrating)
Contracture of inflammatory precipitates	—
Inflammatory membrane	Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis Luetic interstitial keratitis
Posterior (pushing mechanism) with pupillary block
Lens induced	Intumescent lens Subluxation of lens Mobile lens syndrome
Posterior synechiae	Iris-vitreous block in aphakia Pseudophakia Uveitis
Posterior (pushing mechanism) without pupillary block
Aqueous misdirection	Ciliary block (malignant glaucoma)
Cysts of the iris and ciliary body	—
Forward vitreous shift after lens extraction	—
Intraocular tumors	Malignant melanoma Retinoblastoma
Lens induced	Intumescent lens Subluxation of lens Mobile lens syndrome
Large or anterior displaced ciliary body	Plateau iris syndrome
Uveal edema	After scleral buckling, panretinal photocoagulation, or central retinal vein occlusion
Retrolenticular tissue contracture	Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous Retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasia)
* Clinical examples cited; not an inclusive list of glaucomas.
Adapted from Ritch R, Shields MB, Krupin T: The Glaucomas, ed. 2. St. Louis, Mosby, 1996, p. 720; with permission.