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Open-Angle Glaucoma: Classification Based on Mechanisms of Outflow Obstruction*

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Type	Means	Examples
Trabecular
Idiopathic	Disorder of extracellular matrix	Corticosteroid-induced glaucoma Juvenile glaucoma Primary open-angle glaucoma Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma
Obstruction	By red blood cells	Ghost cell glaucoma Hemorrhagic glaucoma
	By macrophages	Hemolytic glaucoma Melanomalytic glaucoma Phacolytic glaucoma
	By neoplastic cells	Juvenile xanthogranuloma Malignant tumors Neurofibromatosis Nevus of Ota (oculodermal melanocytosis)
	By pigment particles	Exfoliation syndrome (glaucoma capsulare) Pigmentary glaucoma Uveitis
	By protein	Lens-induced glaucoma Uveitis
	Due to other means	Viscoelastic agents Vitreous hemorrhage
Alterations	Due to edema	Alkali burns Iritis or uveitis causing trabeculitis Scleritis or episcleritis
	Due to trauma	Angle recession
	Due to intraocular foreign bodies	Chalcosis Hemosiderosis
Posttrabecular
Obstruction of Schlemm canal	By particulate matter or collapse of canal walls	Age-related changes in canal wall Sickled red blood cells Trauma
Reduced flow in aqueous veins	Due to elevated episcleral venous pressure	Carotid-cavernous fistula Cavernous sinus thrombosis Idiopathic episcleral venous pressure elevation Infiltrative ophthalmopathy (thyrotropic exophthalmos) Mediastinal tumors Retrobulbar tumors Sturge-Weber syndrome Superior vena cava obstruction
* Clinical examples cited; not an inclusive list of glaucomas.
Adapted from Ritch R, Shields MB, Krupin T: The Glaucomas, ed. 2. St. Louis, Mosby, 1996, p. 720; with permission.