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Some Causes of Oliguria

Mechanism

Examples

Prerenal*

Hypovolemia

Bleeding

Fluid loss

Inadequate fluid replacement

Low cardiac output

Myocardial infarction

Heart failure

Pulmonary embolism

Decreased systemic vascular resistance

Sepsis

Renal

Acute tubular necrosis

Hypoperfusion (prolonged, eg, > 4 hours)

X-ray contrast agent

Rhabdomyolysis

Nephrotoxic drugs (eg, aminoglycosides and other antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

Postrenal

Mechanical urinary obstruction

Blocked urinary catheter

Prostatic hypertrophy

Urinary calculi

Bladder or sphincter dysfunction

Anticholinergic drug use

Postoperative urinary retention

Fecal impaction if severe

* These prerenal conditions often coexist and rapidly (ie, in < 1 hour) reduce urine output.

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