Gastrointestinal Disorders

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Approach to the Gastrointestinal Patient

• Evaluation of the Gastrointestinal Patient
  • History
  • Physical Examination
  • Testing

• Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction
  • References
  • More Information

Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Disorders

• Overview of Gastrointestinal Symptoms

• Chronic Abdominal Pain and Recurrent Abdominal Pain
  • General reference
  • Pathophysiology
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Evaluation references
    • Testing
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Dyspepsia
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Hiccups
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Globus Sensation
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Nausea and Vomiting
  • Complications
  • Etiology
    • Etiology reference
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Rumination
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Constipation
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
    • Evaluation references
  • Treatment
    • Diet and behavior
    • Types of laxatives
    • Fecal impaction
    • Treatment reference
  • Geriatrics Essentials
  • Key Points
  • More Information
  • Dyschezia
    • Etiology
    • Symptoms and Signs
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
  • More Information

• Diarrhea
  • Complications of diarrhea
  • Etiology
    • Osmotic load
    • Increased secretions/decreased absorption
    • Reduced contact time/surface area
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
    • Evaluation reference
  • Treatment
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Gas-Related Symptoms
  • Etiology
    • Excessive belching
    • Distention (bloating)
    • Excessive flatus
    • Etiology reference
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
    • Evaluation reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Procedures

• Ambulatory pH Monitoring
  • Catheter-Based pH Monitoring
  • Wireless pH Monitoring
    • References

• Anoscopy and Sigmoidoscopy

• Endoscopy
  • General references
  • Diagnostic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
    • Balloon-assisted enteroscopy
    • Screening colonoscopy
  • Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
  • Contraindications to Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
    • Contraindications references
  • Preparation for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
    • Preparation references
  • Video Capsule Endoscopy
    • Video capsule endoscopy reference
  • More Information

• Gastric Analysis

• Impedance Planimetry
  • References

• Laparoscopy

• Manometry
  • Anorectal Manometry
    • Anorectal manometry reference
  • Barostat
  • Esophageal Manometry
  • Esophageal manometry references
  • Gastroduodenal Manometry

• Nasogastric Intubation or Intestinal Intubation

• Nuclear Gastrointestinal Scans
  • Bleeding Scans
  • Gastric Emptying
    • Gastric emptying reference
  • Meckel Scans

• Paracentesis

• Radiographs and Other Imaging Contrast Studies of the Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Radiographs and Contrast Studies of the Abdomen
    • Barium enema
    • Upper gastrointestinal examination
  • CT Scanning of the Abdomen
    • CT colonography
    • CT enterography and MR enterography
    • CT scanning of the abdomen references

• Other Gastrointestinal Testing and Therapeutic Procedures
  • Breath tests
  • Wireless motility capsule
  • Neuromodulation/neurostimulation
  • References

Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology

• Acute Abdominal Pain
  • General reference
  • Pathophysiology
    • Peritonitis
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
    • Evaluation reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
  • Pathophysiology
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference
  • Key Points

• Acute Perforation of the Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Appendicitis
  • General reference
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference
  • Key Points

• Hernias of the Abdominal Wall
  • General reference
  • Classification of Abdominal Hernias
    • Abdominal wall hernias
    • Sports hernias
    • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Inguinal Hernia
  • Reference
  • Classification
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Ileus
  • Etiology
    • Etiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Intestinal Obstruction
  • Reference
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
    • Pathophysiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Specific measures
  • Key Points

• Intra-Abdominal Abscesses
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Complications of intra-abdominal abscesses
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
  • Key Points

• Ischemic Colitis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references

Anorectal Disorders

• Evaluation of Anorectal Disorders
  • History
  • Physical examination

• Anal Fissure
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Anorectal Abscess
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Anorectal Fistula
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Treatment reference

• Fecal Incontinence
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Hemorrhoids
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Symptomatic treatment
    • Office-based procedures
    • Surgical hemorrhoidectomy
    • Other procedures
  • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Levator Syndrome
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Treatment references

• Pilonidal Disease
  • Treatment
  • Treatment reference

• Proctitis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Treatment references

• Pruritus Ani (Anal Itching)
  • Reference
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
  • History
  • Physical examination
  • Red flags
  • Interpretation of findings
  • Testing
  • Treatment
    • General measures
  • Key Points

• Rectal Prolapse and Procidentia
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Treatment reference

• Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

Bezoars and Foreign Bodies

• Overview of Foreign Bodies in the Gastrointestinal Tract
  • General reference

• Bezoars
  • Etiology
    • Etiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Complications
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references

• Esophageal Foreign Bodies
  • Complications
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Gastric and Intestinal Foreign Bodies
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Gastric foreign bodies
    • Intestinal foreign bodies
    • Drug packages
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Rectal Foreign Bodies
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment

Diverticular Disease

• Definition of Diverticular Disease
  • General reference

• Colonic Diverticulosis
  • General reference
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Complications of diverticulosis
    • Diverticular bleeding
    • Symptoms and signs references
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Treatment of diverticular bleeding
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points
  • More Information
  • Symptomatic Uncomplicated Diverticular Disease (SUDD)
    • References

• Colonic Diverticulitis
  • General references
  • Etiology
    • Etiology references
  • Classification
    • Classification references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Antibiotics
    • Percutaneous drainage or endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage
    • Surgery
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points
  • More Information
  • Segmental Colitis Associated With Diverticulosis (SCAD)
    • Reference
    • Symptoms and Signs
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment

• Diverticular Disease of the Stomach and Small Bowel
  • Reference
  • Gastric Diverticula
    • Gastric diverticula reference
  • Duodenal Diverticula
    • Duodenal diverticula references
  • Jejunal Diverticula and Ileal Diverticula
    • Jejunal diverticula and ileal diverticula reference
  • Key Points

• Meckel Diverticulum
  • Pathophysiology
    • Pathophysiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders

• Overview of Esophageal and Swallowing Disorders

• Achalasia
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Distal Esophageal Spasm
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references

• Dysphagia
  • Etiology
    • Oropharyngeal dysphagia
    • Esophageal dysphagia
    • Complications of dysphagia
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
    • Evaluation reference
  • Treatment
  • Geriatrics Essentials
  • Key Points

• Dysphagia Lusoria
  • Reference

• Eosinophilic Esophagitis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references

• Esophageal Diverticula
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Esophageal Motility Disorders

• Esophageal Rupture
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Esophageal Web

• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
  • Reference
  • Etiology
    • Complications of GERD
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Hiatus Hernia
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Infectious Esophageal Disorders
  • Candida Esophagitis
    • Reference
  • Herpes Simplex Virus Esophagitis and Cytomegalovirus Esophagitis

• Lower Esophageal Ring

• Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
  • Reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Obstructive Disorders of the Esophagus

Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease

• Overview of Acid Secretion

• Overview of Gastritis

• Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis
  • Etiology
    • Etiology reference
  • Complications
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment

• Erosive Gastritis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
    • Prevention references
  • Key Points

• Helicobacter pylori Infection
  • General reference
  • Pathophysiology
    • Pathophysiology references
  • Diagnosis
    • Noninvasive tests
    • Invasive tests
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Nonerosive Gastritis
  • Pathology
    • Superficial gastritis
    • Deep gastritis
    • Gastric atrophy
    • Metaplasia
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Peptic Ulcer Disease
  • Etiology
    • Etiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Complications
    • Hemorrhage
    • Penetration (confined perforation)
    • Free perforation
    • Gastric outlet obstruction
    • Recurrence
    • Stomach cancer
    • Complications references
  • Treatment
    • Adjuncts
    • Surgery
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Postgastrectomy Gastritis

• Uncommon Gastritis Syndromes
  • Ménétrier Disease
  • Eosinophilic Gastritis
  • Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymphoma
  • Gastritis Caused by Systemic Disorders
  • Gastritis Caused by Physical Agents
  • Infectious (Septic) Gastritis

• Medications for the Treatment of Gastric Acidity
  • Proton Pump Inhibitors
    • Proton pump inhibitor references
  • Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists (H2 Blockers)
  • Antacids
  • Prostaglandins
  • Sucralfate
    • Sucralfate reference
  • Potassium-Competitive Acid Inhibitors
  • Potassium-competitive acid inhibitors references

Gastroenteritis

• Overview of Gastroenteritis
  • General references
  • Etiology
    • Viral gastroenteritis
    • Bacterial gastroenteritis
    • Bacterial gastroenteritis references
    • Parasitic gastroenteritis
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Viral gastroenteritis
    • Bacterial gastroenteritis
    • Parasitic gastroenteritis
  • Diagnosis
    • Stool testing
    • General tests
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Probiotics reference
    • Antimicrobials
    • Antimicrobials references
  • Prevention
  • More Information

• Drug-Related Gastroenteritis and Chemical-Related Gastroenteritis

• E. coli Gastroenteritis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Norovirus Gastroenteritis
  • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Rotavirus Gastroenteritis
  • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Traveler’s Diarrhea
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

Gastrointestinal Bleeding

• Overview of Gastrointestinal Bleeding
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
  • Treatment
    • Airway
    • Fluid resuscitation and blood product transfusion
    • Medications
    • Hemostasis
    • Treatment reference
  • Geriatrics Essentials
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Varices
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Vascular Gastrointestinal Lesions
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

How To Do Gastrointestinal Procedures

• How To Do Anoscopy
  • Indications
    • Indications references
  • Contraindications
  • Complications
  • Equipment
  • Additional Considerations
    • Additional considerations reference
  • Positioning
  • Relevant Anatomy
  • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
    • Step-by-step description reference
  • Aftercare
  • Warnings and Common Errors
  • Tips and Tricks

• How To Insert a Nasogastric Tube
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
    • Contraindications reference
  • Complications
  • Equipment
  • Additional Considerations
  • Positioning
  • Relevant Anatomy
  • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
  • Aftercare
  • Warnings and Common Errors
  • Tips and Tricks

• How To Do Paracentesis
  • Indications
    • Indications reference
  • Contraindications
  • Complications
  • Equipment
  • Additional Considerations
  • Positioning
  • Relevant Anatomy
  • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
    • Step-by-step description references
  • Aftercare
  • Warnings and Common Errors
  • Tips and Tricks

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

• Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • Epidemiology
  • General references
  • Extraintestinal Manifestations
  • Treatment
    • Supportive care
  • Health Maintenance
    • Immunizations
    • Screening tests
    • Health maintenance reference
  • More Information

• Medications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
  • 5-Aminosalicylic Acid (5-ASA, Mesalamine)
  • Corticosteroids
  • Immunomodulating Medications
    • Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine
    • Methotrexate
    • Cyclosporine and tacrolimus
  • Biologic Agents
    • Anti-TNF medications
    • Other biologic agents
    • Small-molecule agents
  • Antibiotics and Probiotics
    • Antibiotics
    • Probiotics

• Crohn Disease
  • Pathophysiology
    • Classification
    • Complications
    • Pathophysiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Laboratory testing
  • Treatment
    • General management
    • Mild disease
    • Moderate to severe disease
    • Fulminant disease or abscess
    • Fistulas
    • Maintenance therapy
    • Surgery
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Ulcerative Colitis
  • Pathophysiology
    • Toxic colitis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Initial presentation
    • Recurrent symptoms
    • Acute severe attacks
  • Treatment
    • General management
    • Mild left-sided disease
    • Moderate or extensive disease
    • Severe disease
    • Fulminant colitis
    • Maintenance therapy
    • Surgery
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
    • Colon cancer
    • Prognosis references
  • Key Points
  • More Information

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
  • Etiology
    • Physiologic factors
    • Psychosocial factors
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Red flags
    • Differential diagnosis
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Testing
    • Intercurrent disease
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Diet
    • Medications
    • Psychological therapies
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points
  • More Information

Malabsorption Syndromes

• Overview of Malabsorption
  • Pathophysiology
    • Digestion of fats
    • Digestion of carbohydrates
    • Digestion of proteins
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Confirming malabsorption
    • Diagnosing the cause of malabsorption

• Carbohydrate Intolerance
  • Pathophysiology
  • Etiology
    • Etiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Celiac Disease
  • Reference
  • Etiology
  • Epidemiology
    • Epidemiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference
  • Key Points

• Intestinal Lymphangiectasia
  • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Short Bowel Syndrome
  • Reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Tropical Sprue
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Whipple Disease
  • References
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

Pancreatitis

• Overview of Pancreatitis

• Acute Pancreatitis
  • Etiology
    • Gallstones
    • Alcohol
    • Other causes
    • Etiology references
  • Pathogenesis
  • Classification
    • Types of pancreatitis
    • Severity of pancreatitis
    • Classification reference
  • Complications
    • Complications references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Laboratory tests
    • Imaging studies
  • Treatment
    • Severe acute pancreatitis and complications
    • Treatment reference
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Chronic Pancreatitis
  • Pathogenesis
    • Pathogenesis reference
  • Etiology
    • Etiology reference
  • Complications
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Imaging studies
    • Pancreatic function tests
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Pain control
    • Pancreatic enzyme replacement
    • Management of diabetes
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract

• Anal Cancer
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Benign Esophageal Tumors
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Colorectal Cancer
  • General references
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Surgery
    • Adjuvant therapy
    • Follow-up
    • Palliation
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention
    • Prevention references
  • Key Points

• Colorectal Cancer Screening
  • More Information

• Esophageal Cancer
  • General references
  • Types of Esophageal Cancer
  • Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
  • Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
  • Other malignant tumors of the esophagus
  • Types of esophageal cancer references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • General principles
    • Surgery
    • External beam radiation therapy
    • Chemotherapy
    • Immunotherapy
    • Palliation
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
  • Key Points

• Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs)
  • General references
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Treatment reference

• Lynch Syndrome
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• MUTYH Polyposis Syndrome
  • General references
  • Diagnosis
    • Screening
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Pancreatic Cancer
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Symptomatic treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
  • Key Points
  • Cystadenocarcinoma
  • Intraductal Papillary-Mucinous Neoplasms

• Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
  • Diagnosis
  • GI Cancer Surveillance
  • More Information

• Polyps of the Colon and Rectum
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention
    • Prevention reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Small-Bowel Tumors
  • General reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Stomach Cancer
  • General reference
  • Risk Factors
    • Risk factor references
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Screening
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis references
  • Key Points