Nutritional Disorders

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Nutrition: General Considerations

• Overview of Nutrition
  • Macronutrients
  • Carbohydrates
    • Fiber
  • Proteins
  • Fats
  • Macrominerals
  • Water
  • Macronutrients references
  • Micronutrients
  • Other Dietary Substances
  • Processed Foods, Organic Foods, and Bioengineered or Genetically Modified Foods
    • Processed foods
    • Organic foods
    • Bioengineered or genetically modified foods
  • More Information

• Nutritional Requirements
  • Reference

• Nutrition in Clinical Medicine
  • Evaluation of Nutritional Status

• Nutrient-Drug Interactions

• Food Additives and Contaminants
  • Additives
  • Contaminants

Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity

• Overview of Minerals
  • Reference
  • More Information

• Chromium Deficiency
  • Reference

• Chromium Toxicity
  • Reference

• Copper Deficiency
  • Acquired Copper Deficiency
  • Inherited Copper Deficiency (Menkes Syndrome)
    • Symptoms and Signs
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment

• Copper Toxicity
  • Treatment

• Wilson Disease
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Kayser-Fleischer rings
    • Ceruloplasmin
    • Serum copper
    • Urinary copper excretion
    • Liver biopsy
    • Screening for Wilson disease
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Key Points

• Fluorine Deficiency

• Fluorine Toxicity

• Iodine Deficiency
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Iodine Toxicity

• Iron Deficiency
  • General references

• Iron Toxicity

• Manganese Deficiency

• Manganese Toxicity

• Molybdenum Deficiency

• Molybdenum Toxicity

• Selenium Deficiency
  • General references

• Selenium Toxicity

• Zinc Deficiency
  • Acrodermatitis enteropathica

• Zinc Toxicity

Nutritional Support

• Overview of Nutritional Support
  • General references
  • Predicting Nutritional Requirements
    • Energy expenditure
    • Protein requirements
    • Requirements references
  • Assessing Response to Nutritional Support
    • Assessing response reference
  • Key Points

• Enteral Nutrition
  • General reference
  • Enteral Tube Types and Placements
  • Formulas for Enteral Nutrition
  • Administration of Enteral Nutrition
  • Complications of Enteral Nutrition
  • Key Points

• Parenteral Nutrition (PN)
  • Indications for Parenteral Nutrition
    • Indications reference
  • Nutritional Requirements and Formula Content
  • Solutions for Parenteral Nutrition
    • Solutions references
  • Administration of Parenteral Nutrition
    • Administration reference
  • Monitoring of Parenteral Nutrition
  • Complications of Parenteral Nutrition
    • Complications reference
  • Key Points

• Nutritional Support for Patients Who Are Dying or Have Severe Dementia

Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome

• Obesity
  • References
  • Etiology
    • Genetic factors
    • Lifestyle and behavioral factors
    • Regulatory factors
    • Eating disorders
    • Etiology references
  • Complications
  • Diagnosis
    • Body composition analysis
    • Other testing
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Diet
    • Physical activity
    • Behavioral interventions
    • Anti-obesity medications
    • Surgery
    • Treatment references
  • Special Populations
    • Children
    • Older adults
    • Special populations references
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery
  • Reference
  • Indications
    • Indications reference
  • Procedures
    • Sleeve gastrectomy
    • Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery
    • Revisional procedures
    • Biliopancreatic diversion with a duodenal switch (BPD-DS)
    • Single anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S)
    • Endoscopic procedures
    • Adjustable gastric banding
    • Procedures references
  • Preoperative Evaluation
  • Risks
    • Risks references
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis references
  • Follow-up
  • Key Points

• Metabolic Syndrome
  • Reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

Undernutrition

• Overview of Undernutrition
  • Risk Factors for Undernutrition
    • Infancy and childhood
    • Pregnancy and breastfeeding
    • Old age
    • Disorders and medical procedures
    • Vegetarian and vegan diets
    • Fad diets
    • Medications and nutritional supplements
    • Alcohol or substance dependency
    • Risk factor references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Testing
    • Evaluation references
  • More Information

• Protein-Energy Undernutrition (PEU)
  • Classification and Etiology
    • Primary PEU
    • Secondary PEU
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Children
    • Adults
    • Complications of treatment
  • Prognosis
    • Children
    • Adults
  • Key Points

• Carnitine Deficiency
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency

Vitamin Deficiency, Dependency, and Toxicity

• Overview of Vitamins
  • Reference

• Biotin and Pantothenic Acid

• Folate Deficiency
  • References
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Niacin Deficiency
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Niacin Toxicity
  • Reference

• Riboflavin Deficiency
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Thiamin Deficiency
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Vitamin A Deficiency
  • References
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Reference
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Vitamin A Toxicity
  • References
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Key Points

• Vitamin B6 Deficiency and Dependency
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Vitamin B6 Toxicity
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Vitamin B12 Deficiency
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Schilling test
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Vitamin C Deficiency
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Vitamin C Toxicity

• Vitamin D Deficiency and Dependency
  • Physiology
    • Physiology references
  • Etiology
    • Inadequate exposure or intake
    • Reduced absorption
    • Abnormal metabolism
    • Resistance to effects of vitamin D
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Radiographs
    • Laboratory tests
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
    • Screening
  • Key Points

• Vitamin D Toxicity
  • Physiology
    • Physiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Vitamin E Deficiency
  • References
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Vitamin E Toxicity
  • References

• Vitamin K Deficiency
  • Physiology
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Prevention reference
  • Key Points

• Vitamin K Toxicity