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Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome

Causes

Examples

Primary causes

Idiopathic

Fibrillary and immunotactoid GN

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

IgA nephropathy*

Membranoproliferative GN*

Membranous nephropathy

Minimal change disease

Rapidly progressive GN*

Secondary causes

Metabolic

Amyloidosis

Diabetes mellitus

Immunologic

Cryoglobulinemia*

Immunoglobulin A vasculitis*

Microscopic polyangiitis

Serum sickness

Sjögren syndrome

Systemic lupus erythematosus*

Idiopathic

Castleman disease

Sarcoidosis

Neoplastic

Carcinoma (eg, bronchus, breast, colon, stomach, kidney)

Leukemia

Lymphomas

Melanoma

Multiple myeloma

Medication or substance-related

Gold

Heroin

Interferon alfa

LithiumLithium

NSAIDs

Mercury

PamidronatePamidronate

PenicillaminePenicillamine

ProbenecidProbenecid

Bacterial†

Infective endocarditis

Leprosy

Syphilis

Protozoan†

Filariasis

Helminthic infections

Malaria

Schistosomiasis (due to Schistosoma haematobium)

Viral†

Epstein-Barr virus infection

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Acute or chronic hepatitis C virus infection

HIV infection

Allergic

Antitoxins

Insect stings

Snake venom

Genetic syndromes

Congenital nephrotic syndromes

Fabry disease

Alport syndrome*

Sickle cell disease

Physiologic

Adaptation to reduced nephrons

Severe obesity

Oligomeganephronia

Miscellaneous

Chronic allograft nephropathy

Malignant hypertension

Preeclampsia

* More commonly manifests as nephritic syndrome.

† Infectious and postinfectious causes.

FSGS = focal segmental glomerulonephritis; GN =glomerulonephritis; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.