Infectious Diseases

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Biology of Infectious Disease

• Introduction to the Biology of Infectious Diseases
  • Reference

• Host Defense Mechanisms Against Infection
  • Natural Barriers Against Infection
    • Skin
    • Mucous membranes
    • Respiratory tract
    • Gastrointestinal tract
    • Genitourinary tract
    • Natural barriers reference
  • Nonspecific Immune Responses (Innate Immune Responses)
  • Specific Immune Responses (Adaptive Immune Responses)
  • Host Genetic Factors

• Factors Facilitating Microbial Invasion
  • Virulence Factors
    • Capsule
    • Enzymes
    • Toxins
    • Other factors
  • Microbial Adherence
    • Biofilm
  • Antimicrobial Resistance
    • Reference
  • Defects in Host Defense Mechanisms
    • Mechanisms

• Manifestations of Infection
  • Clinical manifestations
  • Hematologic manifestations
  • Other organ systems
  • Reference

• Fever
  • Pathophysiology
    • Consequences of fever
  • Etiology
    • Infectious causes
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Geriatrics Essentials
    • Reference
  • Key Points

• Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)
  • General reference
  • Etiology
    • Etiology reference
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • History reference
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
    • Testing reference
  • Treatment
  • Geriatrics Essentials
  • Key Points

• Abscesses
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Bacteremia
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Disease

• Introduction to Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Disease
  • Reference

• Microscopy
  • Gram Stain
  • Acid-Fast and Modified Acid-Fast Stains
  • Fluorescent Stains
  • Wet Mounts
  • India Ink Stain
  • Warthin-Starry Stain and Dieterle Stain
  • Wright Stain and Giemsa Stain
  • Trichrome Stain (Gomori-Wheatley Stain) and Iron Hematoxylin Stain

• Culture
  • Specimen Collection
    • References
  • Special Considerations for Culture
    • Anaerobes
    • Mycobacteria
    • Viruses
    • Fungi

• Susceptibility Testing
  • Qualitative methods
  • Semiquantitative methods
  • Nucleic acid–based methods

• Immunologic Tests for Infectious Disease
  • Agglutination tests
  • Complement fixation
  • Enzyme immunoassays
  • Precipitation tests
  • Western blot test

• Non-Nucleic Acid–Based Identification Methods for Infectious Disease
  • Serologic assays
  • Chromatographic methods
  • Mass spectrometry

• Nucleic Acid–Based Identification Methods for Infectious Disease
  • Unamplified testing
  • Nucleic acid amplification

Immunization

• Overview of Immunization
  • Vaccines in the United States
  • Vaccine Administration
    • Simultaneous administration of different vaccines
    • Vaccine administration reference
  • Restrictions, Precautions, and High-Risk Groups
    • Allergy
    • Guillain-Barré syndrome
    • Fever or other acute illness
    • Pregnancy
    • Immunocompromise
    • Asplenia
    • Transplantation
    • Blood product use
  • Vaccine Safety
    • Vaccine safety references
  • Immunization for Travelers
  • More Information

• Chikungunya Vaccine
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• COVID-19 Vaccine
  • Reference
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Indications reference
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Ebola Vaccine
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Vaccine
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Hepatitis A (HepA) Vaccine
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Hepatitis B (HepB) Vaccine
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Herpes Zoster Vaccine
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
  • Preparations
    • Preparations reference
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Influenza Vaccine
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Meningococcal Vaccine
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Pneumococcal Vaccine
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Poliomyelitis Vaccine
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccine
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Rotavirus Vaccine
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Tetanus-Diphtheria Vaccine
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Varicella Vaccine
  • Preparations
  • Indications
  • Contraindications and Precautions
  • Dose and Administration
  • Adverse Effects
  • More Information

• Passive Immunization
  • Human immune globulin (IG)
  • Hyperimmune globulin

Anaerobic Bacteria

• Overview of Anaerobic Bacteria
  • Testing

• Actinomycosis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Key Points

• Overview of Clostridial Infections
  • Pathophysiology
  • Diseases Caused by Clostridia

• Botulism
  • Sources of toxin
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Food-borne botulism
    • Wound botulism
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Antitoxin
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Infant Botulism
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile–Induced Diarrhea
  • Reference
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment of recurrences
    • Prevention of spread
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Clostridial Intra-Abdominal and Pelvic Infections
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Sepsis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Clostridial Necrotizing Enteritis
  • Neutropenic enterocolitis (typhlitis)
  • Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis

• Clostridium perfringens Food Poisoning
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Clostridial Soft-Tissue Infections
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Tetanus
  • General references
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Spasms
    • Autonomic instability
    • Causes of death
    • Localized tetanus
    • Tetanus neonatorum (neonatal tetanus)
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • General principles
    • Wound care
    • Antitoxin and toxoid
    • Management of muscle spasms
    • Management of autonomic dysfunction
    • Antibiotics
    • Supportive care
    • Treatment reference
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Mixed Anaerobic Infections
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Oropharyngeal anaerobic infections and lung abscesses
    • Gastrointestinal (GI) or female pelvic anaerobic infections
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

Approach to Parasitic Infections

• Approach to Parasitic Infections
  • Protozoa
  • Microsporidia
  • Helminths
  • Ectoparasites
  • General references
  • Diagnosis
    • Gastrointestinal tract parasites
    • Serologic testing for parasitic infections
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • More Information

Arboviruses, Arenaviridae, and Filoviridae

• Overview of Arbovirus, Arenavirus, and Filovirus Infections
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
    • Vector control and bite prevention
    • Vaccination
    • Reference

• Chikungunya Disease
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • More Information

• Dengue
  • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
    • Prevention references
  • Key Points

• Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/Dengue Shock Syndrome
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Hantavirus Infection
  • General reference
  • Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome
    • Symptoms and Signs
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
    • Symptoms and Signs
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Lassa Fever
  • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Marburg and Ebola Virus Infections
  • Transmission of Marburg and Ebola viruses
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• West Nile Virus
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Yellow Fever
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
    • Prevention reference
  • Key Points

• Zika Virus (ZV) Infections
  • Epidemiology
  • Transmission of Zika Virus
    • Transmission references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Congenital Zika virus infection
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
    • Prevention of transmission via mosquitoes
    • Prevention of sexual transmission
    • Prevention reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Other Arbovirus Infections
  • Mayaro disease
  • Oropouche fever
  • Tick-borne encephalitis
  • Powassan virus
  • Other tick-borne viruses
  • California encephalitis serogroup viruses
  • Omsk hemorrhagic fever and Kyasanur Forest disease
  • Rift Valley fever
  • Arbovirus references

Bacteria and Antibacterial Medications

• Overview of Bacteria
  • Morphology
  • Staining
  • Encapsulation
  • Oxygen requirements

• Overview of Antibacterial Medications
  • Selection and Use of Antibiotics
    • Spectrum of activity
    • Effectiveness
    • Route
    • Special populations
    • Duration
    • Complications
    • Selection and use of antibiotics references
  • Antibiotic Resistance

• Aminoglycosides
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
  • Dosing Considerations

• Overview of Beta-Lactams
  • Beta-Lactamases
    • Ambler classification class A
    • Ambler classification class B
    • Ambler classification class C
    • Ambler classification class D
  • Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

• Penicillins
  • Resistance
  • Pharmacokinetics
    • Pharmacokinetics reference
  • Indications
    • Penicillin G–like antibiotics
    • Amoxicillin and ampicillin
    • Penicillinase-resistant (antistaphylococcal) penicillins
    • Broad-spectrum (antipseudomonal) penicillin
  • Contraindications
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
    • Hypersensitivity
    • Rashes
    • Other adverse effects
  • Dosing Considerations

• Cephalosporins
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
    • First-generation cephalosporins
    • Second-generation cephalosporins and cephamycins
    • Third-generation cephalosporins
    • Fourth-generation cephalosporins
    • Anti-MRSA cephalosporins
    • Other cephalosporins
    • Indications references
  • Contraindications
    • Contraindications references
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
    • Adverse effects reference

• Monobactams

• Carbapenems
  • Carbapenem resistance
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

• Chloramphenicol
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects

• Daptomycin
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
    • Adverse effects reference
  • Dosing Considerations

• Fluoroquinolones
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
    • Contraindications reference
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
  • Dosing Considerations

• Fosfomycin
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
    • Indications references
  • Contraindications
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
  • Dosing Considerations

• Lefamulin
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Use in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects

• Lincosamides, Oxazolidinones, and Streptogramins

• Clindamycin
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
    • Adverse effects references
  • Dosing Considerations

• Linezolid and Tedizolid
  • Linezolid
    • Contraindications
    • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
    • Adverse Effects
  • Tedizolid
    • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
    • More Information

• Quinupristin and Dalfopristin
  • Safety Warning

• Lipoglycopeptides
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
  • Dosing Considerations

• Macrolides
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
  • Dosing Considerations

• Metronidazole and Tinidazole
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
  • Dosing Considerations
  • More Information

• Mupirocin

• Nitrofurantoin
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects

• Polypeptide Antibiotics: Bacitracin, Colistin, Polymyxin B
  • Resistance
  • Indications
    • Indications references
  • Contraindications
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
  • Dosing Considerations
    • Dosing considerations references

• Rifamycins
  • Rifabutin, Rifampin, and Rifapentine
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Indications
    • Contraindications
    • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
    • Adverse Effects
    • Dosing Considerations
  • Rifaximin
  • More Information

• Spectinomycin

• Sulfonamides
  • Resistance
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
  • Dosing Considerations

• Tetracyclines
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
    • Contraindications references
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
  • Dosing Considerations

• Tigecycline
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
  • Dosing Considerations

• Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
  • Dosing Considerations

• Vancomycin
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
  • Adverse Effects
  • Dosing Considerations
    • Dosing considerations reference
  • More Information

Cestodes (Tapeworms)

• Overview of Tapeworm Infections
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention

• Diphyllobothriasis (Fish Tapeworm Infection)
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention

• Dipylidium caninum Infection

• Echinococcosis
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Hymenolepis diminuta Infection
  • Reference

• Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm) Infection
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Sparganosis
  • Reference

• Coenurosis (Taenia multiceps, Taenia serialis, or Taenia brauni Infection)
  • Reference

• Taenia asiatica (Asian Tapeworm) Infection
  • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention

• Taenia Saginata (Beef Tapeworm) Infection
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention

• Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm) Infection and Cysticercosis
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Intestinal infection
    • Cysticercosis
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment of intestinal infection
    • Treatment of neurocysticercosis
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

Chlamydiae and Mycoplasmas

• Chlamydiae
  • General reference
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
    • C. trachomatis references
  • Chlamydia pneumoniae
    • Chlamydia pneumoniae reference
  • Chlamydia psittaci
    • Chlamydia psittaci reference
  • Key Points

• Mycoplasmas
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Mycoplasma genitalium
  • Mycoplasma hominis

COVID-19

• COVID-19
  • Transmission
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Risk factors for severe disease
    • Complications
    • Symptom resolution
    • Symptoms and signs references
  • Diagnosis
    • Evaluating symptomatic patients
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Early treatment for patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are high risk for progression to severe illness
    • Treatment for patients with severe COVID-19
    • Treatment references
  • Post–COVID-19 Infection
    • Post–COVID-19 infection reference
  • Prevention
    • COVID-19 vaccination
    • Monoclonal antibody
    • Exposure prevention
    • Prevention references
  • More Information

Enteroviruses

• Overview of Enterovirus Infections
  • Parechoviruses
  • Diseases Caused by Enteroviruses
  • Aseptic meningitis
  • Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM)
  • Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
  • Myopericarditis
  • Respiratory infections
  • Rash
  • Neonatal infection
  • References
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references

• Epidemic Pleurodynia
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (HFMD)
  • References

• Herpangina
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Poliomyelitis
  • References
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Minor poliovirus infection
    • Poliovirus aseptic meningitis without paralysis
    • Paralytic poliomyelitis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis references
  • Prevention
    • Prevention reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome
  • Reference

Extraintestinal Protozoa

• Overview of Free-Living Amebas

• African Trypanosomiasis
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Cutaneous
    • Hemolymphatic
    • Central nervous system (CNS)
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Without central nervous system (CNS) involvement
    • With central nervous system (CNS) involvement
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Amebic Keratitis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Babesiosis
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
    • Tick bite prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Chagas Disease
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Acute
    • Chronic indeterminate
    • Chronic with cardiac or intestinal tract involvement
  • Diagnosis
    • Ancillary testing in patients with chronic Chagas disease
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba infections
    • Diagnosis of B. mandrillaris infections
  • Treatment
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Leishmaniasis
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Cutaneous leishmaniasis
    • Mucosal leishmaniasis
    • Visceral leishmaniasis
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Malaria
  • Pathophysiology
    • Falciparum malaria
    • Resistance to infection
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • P. falciparum manifestations
    • P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi manifestations
    • Manifestations in patients taking chemoprophylaxis
  • Diagnosis
    • Severity of malaria
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention of Relapses of P. vivax or P. ovale Malaria
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Toxoplasmosis
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Acute toxoplasmosis
    • CNS toxoplasmosis
    • Congenital toxoplasmosis
    • Ocular toxoplasmosis
    • Disseminated infection and non-CNS involvement
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment of immunocompetent patients
    • Treatment of patients with AIDS or other immunocompromising conditions
    • Treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis
    • Treatment of pregnant patients
    • Treatment of infants with congenital toxoplasmosis
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

Fungi

• Overview of Fungal Infections
  • Primary fungal infections
  • Opportunistic fungal infections
  • Diagnosis

• Antifungal Medications
  • Amphotericin B
    • Formulations
    • Adverse effects
  • Azole Antifungals
    • Fluconazole
    • Itraconazole
    • Voriconazole
    • Posaconazole
    • Isavuconazonium
    • Oteseconazole
  • Echinocandins
  • Flucytosine

• Aspergillosis
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Blastomycosis
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Pulmonary blastomycosis
    • Extrapulmonary disseminated blastomycosis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Candidiasis
  • Disseminated candidiasis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Invasive candidiasis
    • Esophageal candidiasis
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Chromoblastomycosis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Coccidioidomycosis
  • Reference
  • Pathophysiology
    • Risk factors for coccidioidomycosis
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Primary coccidioidomycosis
    • Progressive coccidioidomycosis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Cryptococcosis
  • General reference
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Central nervous system
    • Lungs
    • Skin
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Patients without AIDS
    • Patients with AIDS
    • Patients with AIDS reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Histoplasmosis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Acute primary histoplasmosis
    • Chronic cavitary histoplasmosis
    • Severe disseminated histoplasmosis
    • Treatment reference
  • Prognosis
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Mucormycosis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Mycetoma
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Paracoccidioidomycosis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Phaeohyphomycosis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Sporotrichosis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Miscellaneous Opportunistic Fungi

Gram-Negative Bacilli

• Introduction to Gram-Negative Bacilli

• Overview of Bartonella Infections

• Cat-Scratch Disease
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Oroya Fever and Verruga Peruana
  • Oroya Fever
    • Reference
  • Verruga Peruana

• Bacillary Angiomatosis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Trench Fever
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment

• Brucellosis
  • Complications
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Campylobacter Infections
  • Complications
  • References
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Cholera
  • References
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Fluid replacement
    • Antimicrobials
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
    • Cholera vaccines
    • Prevention references
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Noncholera Vibrio Infections
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Escherichia coli Infections
  • Diseases caused by E. coli
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Drug resistance
    • Treatment reference

• Infection by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Other Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
  • Epidemiology
    • Epidemiology reference
  • Pathophysiology
    • Pathophysiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Haemophilus Infections
  • Diseases caused by Haemophilus species
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• HACEK Infections
  • Reference

• Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia Infections
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • More Information

• Legionella Infections
  • Transmission of Legionella species
  • Transmission reference
  • Diseases caused by Legionella species
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Melioidosis
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Pertussis
  • Complications caused by pertussis
  • Parapertussis
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention
    • Immunization
    • Postexposure prophylaxis
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Plague and Other Yersinia Infections
  • Transmission
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Bubonic plague
    • Pneumonic plague
    • Septicemic plague
    • Pestis minor
    • Symptoms and signs references
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
    • Prevention reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information
  • Other Yersinia Infections
    • Reference

• Proteeae Infections

• Pseudomonas and Related Infections
  • Epidemiology
  • Diseases Caused by Pseudomonas
    • Skin and soft-tissue infections
    • Respiratory tract infections
    • Other infections
    • Bacteremia
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Localized infection
    • Systemic infection
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Overview of Salmonella Infections

• Typhoid Fever
  • Transmission
  • SalmonellaSalmonella carrier state
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Carriers
    • Treatment reference
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference
  • Prevention
    • Vaccination
    • Prevention reference
  • Key Points

• Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections
  • Risk factors
  • Diseases caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella species
  • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Carriers
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Shigellosis
  • References
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Complications of shigellosis
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention
    • Prevention reference
  • Key Points

• Tularemia
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Pneumonic tularemia
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference
  • Prevention
    • Prevention reference
  • Key Points

Gram-Negative Cocci and Coccobacilli

• Acinetobacter Infections
  • General references
  • Diseases Caused by Acinetobacter
    • Risk factors
    • Drug resistance in Acinetobacter
    • Diseases caused by Acinetobacter reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Kingella Infections
  • Diseases Caused by Kingella
    • Diseases caused by Kingella reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Meningococcal Diseases
  • References
  • Diseases Caused by Meningococci
    • Reference
  • Pathophysiology
    • Risk factors
    • Pathophysiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
    • Antibiotic prophylaxis
    • Vaccination
    • Prevention references
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Moraxella catarrhalis Infection
  • References

• Oligella Infections

Gram-Positive Cocci

• Enterococcal Infections
  • Treatment
    • Resistance
  • More Information

• Pneumococcal Infections
  • Serotypes
  • Risk factors for pneumococcal infection
  • Diseases Caused by Pneumococci
    • Pneumococcal bacteremia
    • Pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Pneumococcal acute otitis media
    • Pneumococcal paranasal sinusitis
    • Pneumococcal meningitis
    • Pneumococcal endocarditis
    • Pneumococcal septic arthritis
    • Spontaneous pneumococcal peritonitis
    • Diseases caused by pneumococci reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Meningeal pneumococcal infections
    • Nonmeningeal pneumococcal infections
  • Prevention
    • Pneumococcal vaccines
    • Prophylactic antibiotics
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Staphylococcal Infections
  • Risk factors for staphylococcal infections
  • Diseases Caused by Staphylococci
    • Staphylococcal bacteremia
    • Staphylococcal skin infections
    • Staphylococcal neonatal infections
    • Staphylococcal pneumonia
    • Staphylococcal endocarditis
    • Staphylococcal osteomyelitis
    • Staphylococcal infectious arthritis
    • Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
    • Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
    • Staphylococcal food poisoning
  • Diagnosis
    • MRSA surveillance in health care institutions
  • Treatment
    • Antibiotic resistance
  • Prevention
    • Decolonization of MRSA carriers
    • Prevention references
  • Key Points

• Streptococcal Infections
  • Classification of Streptococci
  • Virulence Factors
  • Diseases Caused by Streptococci
    • Streptococcal pharyngitis
    • Scarlet fever
    • Scarlet fever reference
    • Streptococcal skin infections
    • Necrotizing fasciitis
    • Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
    • Delayed complications of streptococcal infection
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Pharyngitis
    • Skin infection
    • Other streptococcal infections
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
  • Staphylococcal toxic shock
  • Streptococcal toxic shock
  • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Differential diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

Gram-Positive Bacilli

• Anthrax
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
    • Virulence factors
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Antibiotics
    • Other medications
    • Drug resistance
    • Pleural fluid drainage
    • Treatment reference
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis references
  • Prevention
    • Postexposure prophylaxis
    • Prevention references
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Diphtheria
  • Diphtheria toxin
  • Transmission
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Pharyngeal infection
    • Skin infection
    • Complications
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Diphtheria antitoxin
    • Antibiotics
    • Other treatments
  • Prevention
    • Vaccination
    • Postexposure antibiotics
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Erysipeloid
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Listeriosis
  • Transmission
  • Risk factors
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Nocardiosis
  • Risk factors
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Key Points

Herpesviruses

• Overview of Herpesvirus Infections
  • Pharmacologic Treatment of Herpesviruses

• Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infections
  • Diseases Caused by Herpes Simplex Virus
    • Mucocutaneous herpes simplex infection
    • Herpes simplex keratitis
    • Herpetic whitlow
    • Herpes simplex CNS infection
    • Neonatal herpes simplex
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Mucocutaneous herpes simplex infection
    • Herpes simplex keratitis
    • Neonatal herpes simplex
    • Herpes simplex CNS infection
  • Key Points

• Genital Herpes
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
    • Preventing neonatal HSV infection
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Chickenpox
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Initial rash
    • Breakthrough varicella
    • Complications
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Antivirals and chickenpox
    • Treatment reference
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention
    • Vaccination
    • Postexposure prophylaxis
    • Prevention reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Herpes Zoster
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Postherpetic neuralgia
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Antiviral therapy
    • Management of postherpetic neuralgia
  • Prevention
    • Prevention reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Infectious Mononucleosis
  • Reference
  • Pathophysiology
    • Transmission
    • Associated disorders
    • Pathophysiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Complications
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Differential diagnosis
    • Laboratory tests
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Key Points

• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection
  • General references
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • CMV retinitis
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection
  • General reference
  • Epidemiology
    • Epidemiology references
  • Transmission
    • Sexual transmission of HIV
    • Needle- and instrument-related transmission
    • Vertical (mother-to-child) transmission
    • Transfusion- and transplant-related transmission
    • Transmission references
  • Pathophysiology
    • Immune system
    • Other tissues
    • Disease progression
    • Pathophysiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Initial HIV infection
    • Worsening HIV infection
    • Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnostic tests
    • Staging
    • Monitoring
    • Diagnosis of HIV-related conditions
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Screening for HIV
  • Treatment
    • Antiretroviral therapy: General principles
    • Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)
    • Interruption of antiretroviral therapy
    • Prevention of opportunistic infections
    • Immunization
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
    • End-of-life care
  • Prognosis references
  • Prevention
    • Prevention of transmission
    • Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)
    • Prevention references
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Antiretroviral Treatment of HIV Infection
  • Classes of antiretrovirals
  • Antiretroviral regimens
  • Intramuscular injectable long-acting medications
  • Drug interactions
  • Adverse effects of antiretrovirals
  • Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)
  • Interruption of antiretroviral therapy
  • More Information

• Cancers Common in Patients With HIV Infection
  • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • Primary central nervous system lymphoma
  • Cervical cancer
  • Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus or vulva
  • Reference

Intestinal Protozoa and Microsporidia

• Overview of Intestinal Protozoan and Microsporidia Infections
  • Diagnosis

• Amebiasis
  • References
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Amebic dysentery
    • Chronic amebic infection of the colon
    • Hepatic or other extraintestinal amebic disease
  • Diagnosis
    • Amebic intestinal infection
    • Amebic liver infection
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Cryptosporidiosis
  • Pathophysiology
    • Pathophysiology reference
  • Epidemiology
    • Epidemiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Cyclosporiasis
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • More Information

• Cystoisosporiasis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • More Information

• Giardiasis
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Microsporidiosis
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

Mycobacteria

• Tuberculosis (TB)
  • General reference
  • Etiology
  • Epidemiology
    • Epidemiology references
  • Pathophysiology
    • Primary TB infection
    • Active TB disease
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Chest x-ray
    • Sputum examination, culture, and testing
    • Drug susceptibility tests
    • Tests of other specimens
    • Skin testing
    • IGRA (interferon-gamma release assay)
  • Prognosis
  • Treatment
    • Hospitalization
    • Public health considerations
    • First-line drugs for TB
    • Second-line drugs for TB
    • Drug resistance
    • Treatment regimens
    • Other treatments
    • Treatment references
  • Screening for TB
    • Booster reaction
    • Treatment of LTBI
  • Prevention
    • Vaccination
  • Special Populations
    • Children
    • Older people
    • Patients with HIV infection
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)
  • Miliary tuberculosis
  • Genitourinary tuberculosis
  • Meningeal tuberculosis (TB meningitis)
  • Peritoneal tuberculosis (TB peritonitis)
  • Pericardial tuberculosis (TB pericarditis)
  • Tuberculous lymphadenitis
  • Cutaneous tuberculosis
  • Tuberculosis of bones and joints
  • Gastrointestinal tuberculosis
  • Tuberculosis of the liver
  • Other sites of TB infection
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
  • General reference
  • Pulmonary disease
  • Lymphadenitis
  • Cutaneous disease
  • Cutaneous infection reference
  • Wound and foreign body infections
  • Disseminated disease
  • More Information

• Leprosy
  • Epidemiology
    • Epidemiology references
  • Pathophysiology
    • Classification of leprosy
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Complications of leprosy
    • Leprosy reactions
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Multibacillary leprosy
    • Paucibacillary leprosy
    • Drugs for leprosy
    • Leprosy reactions
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

Nematodes (Roundworms)

• Angiostrongyliasis
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs references
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Anisakiasis
  • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Ascariasis
  • General references
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Baylisascariasis
  • General reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Dracunculiasis
  • General reference
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Hookworm Infection
  • General references
  • Pathophysiology
    • Zoonotic (animal) hookworm infections
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Intestinal hookworm infection
    • Cutaneous larva migrans
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Pinworm Infestation
  • General reference
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Strongyloidiasis
  • General references
  • Pathophysiology
    • Autoinfection
    • Hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated strongyloidiasis
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated strongyloidiasis
  • Diagnosis
    • Screening for strongyloidiasis
  • Treatment
    • Prevention of hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated strongyloidiasis
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Toxocariasis
  • General references
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Visceral larva migrans
    • Ocular larva migrans
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Trichinosis
  • General references
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Trichuriasis
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Overview of Filarial Nematode Infections

• Bancroftian Lymphatic Filariasis and Brugian Lymphatic Filariasis
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment of acute lymphatic filariasis
    • Treatment of chronic lymphedema
    • Treatment of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
    • Prevention reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Dirofilariasis

• Loiasis
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment of light infection
    • Treatment of heavy infection
    • Treatment of coinfection
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Mansonellosis
  • Mansonella perstans
  • Mansonella ozzardi
  • Mansonella streptocerca
  • References
  • Key Points

• Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)
  • General reference
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Nodules
    • Skin disease
    • Eye disease
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
    • Prevention reference
  • Key Points

Pox Viruses

• Mpox (Monkeypox)
  • References
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention
    • Vaccination
    • Infection control
    • Prevention reference
  • More Information

• Smallpox
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Variola major
    • Variola minor
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
    • Live vaccinia virus vaccine complications
    • Postexposure prophylaxis
    • Prevention references
  • Key Points
  • More Information

Respiratory Viruses

• Overview of Viral Respiratory Infections
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references

• Common Cold
  • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Adenovirus Infections
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Influenza
  • Influenza antigens
  • Epidemiology
    • High-risk groups
    • Epidemiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Complications
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Medications for influenza
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis references
  • Prevention
    • Influenza vaccines
    • Antiviral medications
  • Key Points

• Avian Influenza
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Parainfluenza Virus Infections

• Coronaviruses and Acute Respiratory Syndromes (MERS and SARS)
  • Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
    • Transmission of MERS-CoV
    • References
    • Symptoms and Signs
    • Diagnosis
    • Treatment
  • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
  • SARS references

Rickettsiae and Related Organisms

• Overview of Rickettsial and Related Infections
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Differentiating rickettsial from other infections
    • Differentiating among rickettsial diseases
    • Testing
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Epidemic Typhus
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • Brill-Zinsser Disease

• Murine (Endemic) Typhus
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Other Spotted Fever Rickettsioses
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention

• Q Fever
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs references
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Rickettsialpox

• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
  • Epidemiology
  • Pathophysiology
    • Pathophysiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Scrub Typhus
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

• Overview of Sexually Transmitted Infections
  • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • More Information

• Chancroid
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Chlamydia and Mycoplasmal Mucosal Infections
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Screening for Chlamydia
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Gonorrhea
  • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Men with urethritis
    • Women with cervicitis or pelvic inflammatory disease
    • Pharyngeal or rectal exposures
    • Arthritis, disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI), or both
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Screening
  • Treatment
    • Sex partners
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Granuloma Inguinale
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection
  • General reference
  • Etiology
    • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Sexually Transmitted Enteric Infections

• Syphilis
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Primary syphilis
    • Secondary syphilis
    • Latent period
    • Late or tertiary syphilis
    • Other lesions
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnostic tests for syphilis
    • Primary syphilis
    • Secondary syphilis
    • Latent syphilis
    • Late or tertiary syphilis
  • Treatment
    • Primary, secondary, and early latent syphilis
    • Late latent or tertiary syphilis
    • Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (JHR)
    • Posttreatment surveillance
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Trichomoniasis
  • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

Spirochetes

• Bejel, Pinta, and Yaws
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Leptospirosis
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Lyme Disease
  • General reference
  • Epidemiology
    • Epidemiology reference
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Early-localized stage
    • Early-disseminated stage
    • Late-stage disease
    • Symptoms and signs references
  • Diagnosis
    • Differential diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
    • Prevention references
  • Key Points

• Rat-Bite Fever
  • Streptobacillary rat-bite fever
  • Spirillary rat-bite fever (sodoku)
  • General reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Confirmation of streptobacillary rat-bite fever
    • Confirmation of spirillary rat-bite fever
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference

• Relapsing Fever
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs references
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference
  • Key Points

Trematodes (Flukes)

• Introduction to Trematodes (Flukes)

• Clonorchiasis
  • References
  • Pathophysiology
    • Pathophysiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs references
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Fascioliasis
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Fasciolopsiasis

• Heterophyiasis and Related Trematode Infections

• Opisthorchiasis
  • General references

• Paragonimiasis
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Schistosomiasis
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Acute schistosome dermatitis
    • Acute Katayama fever
    • Chronic schistosomiasis
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points
  • Dermatitis Caused by Avian and Animal Schistosomes

Viruses

• Overview of Viruses
  • Timing of viral infections
  • Modes of transmission of viruses
  • Viruses and cancer
  • References
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Antiviral drugs
    • Interferons
    • Antibodies
  • Prevention
    • Vaccines
    • Passive immunization
    • Protective measures
    • Prevention reference

• Target Organs of Viral Infections
  • Viral respiratory infections
  • Viral gastroenteritis
  • Viral exanthems
  • Viral hepatitis
  • Viral neurologic infections
  • Hemorrhagic fevers
  • Cutaneous or mucosal infections
  • Multisystem diseases
  • Nonspecific febrile illness
  • References